初高中语法衔接系列(一)课件.ppt

1、Revision of what we learn in the previous classTake pride inUniversalEffectiveParticipateConcerningIn advanceLearn by heartEnlarge ones vocabularyRead extensivelyAttentivelyStressBefore handPreviewReviewObserve the traffic rulesMake progress with sth初高中语法衔接系列（一）初高中语法衔接系列（一）句法概要句法概要句子一般可以分为几个部分，每一个部分

2、在句子中具有一定的功能，称为句子的成分(component)。句子的成分有主语(subject)、谓语(verb)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、补语(complement)、定语(attributive)和状语(adverbial)。He made the heart-broken girl happy successfully.He became the long-desired chairman of the company with the support of his father.名词 (noun)n.eg:_ 代词 (pronoun)pron.eg:_动词

3、 (verb)vt./vi.eg:_冠词 (article)art.eg:_形容词(adjective)adj.eg:_副词 (adverb)adv.eg:_介词 (preposition)prep.eg:_连接词(conjunction)conj.eg:_数词 (numeral)num.eg:_感叹词(exclamation)excl.eg:_英语中常见词性英语中常见词性Oh,my god;Ouch;Well Incredible Excellent Amazing Perfect Nonsense Awesome 英文的基本句型有五种英文的基本句型有五种，它们是，它们是：主语+系动词+表语

4、(predictive)（S+V+P）主语+谓语动词（S+vi）主语+谓语动词+宾语（S+V+O）主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语（S+V+O+O）主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语(complement)（S+V+O+C）一、主语-系动词-表语（SVP）英文的谓语动词分两大类：一类是系动词；另一类是实义动词。系动词后接的部分可称为表语；也可称为（主语）补足语。英文中的系动词主要是1.Be 动词2.Seem,appear（看上去）3.keep,remain,stay（保持）4.become,get,turn,grow（变成）5.Look(看起来),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(

5、听起来),taste(尝起来)等。例如：1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.The trouble is that they are short of money.二、主语-谓语动词（S+Vi）这种句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词，没有直接宾语；但常带有状语。1.The sun was shining brightly.2.The moon rose from the sea.3.The dog barks madly Expectations from you on me:1.be strict w

6、ith you in study and at the same time be kind/friendly in daily life.2.Speak English a little slowly and clearly to make all of you follow me;speak Chinese if necessary.3.Create a harmonious atmosphere to make the English class more interesting and lively.4.Play English movies in the class.5.Make fr

7、iends with all of you.6.Answer the questions you ask carefully and patiently.Try to recognize the follow abbreviations(缩写体）of the common parts of speech（词性）.vt;conj;prep;pron;adv;adj;n;viName out the 15 common link verbs(系动词)1.Be 动词2.Seem,appear（看上去）3.keep,remain,stay（保持）4.become,get,turn,grow（变成）5.

8、Look(看起来),feel(摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等。三、主语-谓语动词-宾语（SVO）这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词(vt)，那么它必须带有自己的宾语。注意:英语中只有及物动词有被动式结构1.She successfully carried out her plan.2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.They ate what was left over.四、主语-谓语动词-宾语-宾语（SVOO）此句型中的谓语动词后接两个宾语：前一个宾语称为间接宾语；后一个宾语称为直接

9、宾语。这类结构通常为 sb.+vt.+sb.+sth.形式1.I showed him my pictures.2.I told him that the bus was late.3.He showed me how to run the machine.五、主语-谓语动词-宾语-宾语补足语（SVOC）有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构（即：宾语+宾语补足语）。在这一结构中，宾语补足语是对宾语做什么、怎么样等方面进行补充说明。1.They appointed him manager.2.They painted the door green.3.This set them thinkin

10、g.4.They found the house deserted.5.What makes him think so?6.We saw him out.实际上常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。下面以基本句型五为例：We found the hall full.We found the great hall full of students and teachers.We found the great hall full of students and teachers list

11、ening to an important report.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.句子的分类句子的分类通常，我们可以从两个不同的角度对句子进行分类：一是按句子的用途；二是按句子的结构。1.句子的用途分类按这种方法，所有的英语句子可以分成四个种类：陈述句（Declarative Sentence），疑

12、问句（Interrogative Sentence），祁使句（Imperative Sentence）感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）。1）陈述句（Declarative Sentence）陈述句是用来说明事实、看法等。It is not an easy job to learn English well.She is doing her term paper.2)疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）凡是疑问句一般说来都应该是倒装语序。A）一般疑问句（General Question）一般疑问句是就某件事或某种情况的“是与否”提问。因此，它的回答不是“Yes

13、”就是“No”；例如：-Are you a student?-Yes,I am(a student).B)特殊疑问句（Special Question）特殊疑问句是特殊疑问词如：When、Where、Why、How、Who、What等+简单疑问句。-Why is Luo Huimin absent from duty today?-She is preparing for going abroad.C)选择疑问句（Alternative Question）连词or之前的部分读升调，其后的部分读降调。例如：-Is your sister or brother going abroad?-My b

14、rother is.D)反意疑问句（Disjunctive Question）反意疑问句的构成分两部分。第一部分是一个完整的陈述句；第二部分是一个简单疑问句。第一部分若是肯定形式，第二部分则用否定形式；第一部分若是否定形式，第二部分则用肯定形式。例如：She is a college student,isnt she?He cannot speak French,can he?3)祁使句（Imperative Sentence）祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议，等等。祈使句的主语(you)常被省略，祈使句的谓语用动词原形；它的否定形式是句首用Dont/never+动词原形。例

15、如：Be quiet,please!Dont smoke in the office.Never leave todays work for tomorrow.4)感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）感叹句是由What或How引起的。What 用来强调名词，How则强调形容词、副词或动词。句子无需倒装，句子要用正常语序。例如：What引导的感叹句。What+(a/an)+adj.+n.+主谓结构！What fine weather it is today!What a lovely son you have!How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构！How fin

16、e it is today!How lovely your son is!2.句子的结构分类如果按照句子的结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类别：简单句（Simple Sentence）并列句（Compound Sentence）复合句（Complex Sentence）1)简单句（Simple Sentence）简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如：China and Chinese people are incredibly progressing in many aspects.（两个主语，一个谓语）Computers

17、 mean a lot to human beings and are paid more and more attention by people.（两个谓语，一个主语）2)并列句（Compound Sentence）并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。在并列句中，要用并列连词使两个或几个主谓结构连接在一起。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：A.表示转折意思:but,yet,however,nevertheless 例：Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.He has learned Engli

18、sh for only one year,yet he can communicate with people in English.B.表示因果关系:for,so,therefore,hence例：Youd better take an umbrella with you,for its going to rain.Ive got a meeting to attend,so I have to go now.You are in the right,therefore we should support you.C.表示并列关系 and,eitheror,neither/nor,not o

19、nlybut(also),bothand,as well as例：She came to my house yesterday evening,and I went to hers.Either you tell him the truth,or I do it.3)复合句（Complex Sentence）复合句明显地不同于简单句，因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句（Subordinate Clause）。Whether he comes or not doesnt make any difference to me.(主语从句）Taxes consist of money that people pay to support their government（定语从句）May you learn something useful in this class.