高中英语书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性.doc

1、高中英语 书面表达中如何保持语篇的连贯性 近年来高考英语作文评分标准有了重大调整，新评分标准中强调了“语言的连贯性”， “复杂性” (教育部考试中心， 2006)。第五档 (很好 )“语法结构或词汇方面有些错误，但为尽量使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致”，这一档次界定标准首次明确地鼓励考生“尽力使用较复杂结构和较高级词汇”，充分发挥自己所学，写出丰富多彩的句子来，从而有效地展示自己的书面表达能力。显然，考生要得高分，除了文章要点全、语法正、表达准、结构整、逻辑顺、卷面 洁外，考生还得注意句型、词语、行文 (过渡承启 )的运用技巧，以丰富、增强语言的表达能力、文章的逻辑性及亮点，才能提高文章档次，

2、取得高分。 篇章结构的连贯性在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用。它要求段落中句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排，做到条理清楚，层次分明。这样的篇章结构会让评卷老师在很短的时间内能准确获取文章信息；而如果是叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章就会因“缺乏可读性”而被判为较低分的档次。本文主要围绕语言篇章的连贯性进行阐述。 一、整体谋篇，合理布局 (一 )审读情景材料 就是对试题所提 供的情景 (包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等 )及提供情景的形式 (一般为图画、图表、提纲等 )必须全面了解。 (二 )提取文段中心 在审题的同时，要注意从所给材料中提炼出一个主题，这也就是本篇书面表达的中心

3、，关系到全文成败的关键。因为“对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分”。一般来讲，文段的中心不会超出中学生的学习、生活中的所见所闻。 (三 )取舍各种信息 确定了主题之后，就要依据所需文体 (多为应用文、记叙文或说明文 )，围绕主题筛选已经获取的信息，以突出重点。 (四 )列举表述要点 这是评分标准规定的最主要标准，即是否“覆盖 了所有内容要点”。最好在动笔写作之前在草稿纸上列出要点，以免因时间紧等原因而遗漏。 (五 )确定主题句 段落通常由一个表示段落中心思想的主题句和一些用来说明、描写、论证该主题的发展句构成。段落的主题句非常重要 ,对段落的各句起到提纲挈领的作用。把每一段落的主题句串联起来 ,就是

4、全篇章的主题思想。一般情况下 ,主题句的位置都在段落的开头 ,用来表达段落的中心思想 ,简明告诉读者段落内容。为便于展开下文 ,主题句一般要具备下面的特点 : 1. 主题句的内容要明确具体 ,具有特定性和单一性 ,切忌笼统。 比较： a. Learning English is important. a Learning English is important for us middle school students. b Tom is a good student. b Tom is a hard-working student. 2. 主题句的语言要简洁 ,开门见山。 如“ How I

5、 Spent My Vacation” (我怎样度假 )的开头是： I spent my last vacation happily. 下面是题为“ Honesty” (谈诚 实 )一文中的开头： Honesty is one of the best virtues. An honest man is always trusted and respected. On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”, and is looked down upon by honest people. 二、拓展主题句，注意连贯 主题

6、句仅仅提出作者的基本观点 ,要使读者明白并同意作者的基本观点 ,就要展开主题句 ,就要考虑如何组 织安排语句。句子与句子、段落与段落之间必须具有连贯性，要做到这一点，就要适当排序，即用一些连接手段把句子和句子、语段和语段，有时甚至是段落与段落连接起来，使它们之间建立起各种各样的语义关系，并使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性。英语的衔接手段主要有过渡词衔接、词汇纽带和语法照应等几个方面。 (一 ) 巧用过渡词语，理顺句子逻辑关系 为了使文章在整体上结构严密，浑然一体，增强文章的说服力和感染力，保证段落或文章的连贯，考生应该在句子与句子之间，甚至段落与段落之间，恰当地使用一些过渡性词语。过渡连接词按语义

7、划分，最常 见的有以下几种类型： 1. 表示添加信息 常用的连接词有 and, also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more, as well as, either.or., neither.nor., not only.but also., worse still等。 例如： (NMET2006湖南 )In his opinion, we should not only know “what”, but also understand “why”. (NMET2006陕西 )Some are in f

8、avor of staying at home. They think its both convenient and comfortable. Whats more, they can save money for other purposes. 2. 表示转折关系 常用的连接词有 but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, though, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, while, rather, still, whereas, in contrast等。 例

9、如： (NMET2006湖南 )Though he is 34,he looks very young for his age. (NMET2006福建 )As we all know, you are what you eat. Therefore, it is very important for us to form healthy eating habits. However, bad eating habits are still very common among us students. 再如： It doesnt seem ugly to me; on the contrary

10、, I think its rather beautiful. His children are well bred, whereas those of his sisters are naughty. 3. 表示因果关系 常用的连接词有 so, for, therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, therefore, on account of, since, consequently, as a consequence, thus, hence, it follows that. 例如： (NMET2006福

11、建 )As we all know, you are what you eat. Therefore, it is very important for us to form healthy eating habits. (NMET2006北京 )I would like to join the Peace and Friendship Camp since it would be a great opportunity to make friends with young people from different countries about their cultures. 4. 表示解

12、释、说明关系 常用的连接词有 namely, actually, in fact, such as, for example/instance, that is, that is to say, in other words, and so on, to tell you the truth, according to, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, it is true, of course, specifically, to be specific, to illustrate, truly等。 例如： (NMET2006陕西 )

13、In my opinion, it would be much better to stay at home for I can do what I like, such as reading books, watching TV, and helping my parents with the housework. (NMET2006全国 I)According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for ten days. 5. 表示条件关系 常用的连接词有 as (so)l

14、ong as, on condition that, if, unless等。 例如： (NMET2006天津 )If something terrible should happen, it would be difficult for people to get out quickly. 6. 表示强调 常用的连接词有 indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all, especially等。 例如： (NMET2006江西 )In China the

15、Mid-autumn Day means all family members getting together. In actual fact, a lot of old people live alone without their offsprings company even on this special day. (NMET2006北京 )I like music, especially classical music. 7. 表示时间顺序关系 常用的连接词有 now, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, at first,

16、in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, not. until, before, when, while, as, during, first, second., then, in the end, eventually等。 例如： (NMET2006天津 )First, the film was dela

17、yed as there were so many advertisements at the beginning. Second, the sound of the film was so loud that I could hardly bear it. (NMET2006浙江 )They think that they can get more detailed information from the original. Meanwhile, the language in the book is possibly more lively and beautiful. 8. 表示空间顺

18、序关系 常用的连接词有 on the right/left, on the side of.on the other side of, on the foot/top/end, in the middle/center/back/front of, here, there, next to等。 例如： (NMET2006全国 I)Our library is in the center of the school. There is a beautiful garden in front of it and our building is right behind it. 再如： The ro

19、om was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed with rotting fruits. The path between the bed and the doorway, where I was standing, was full of dirty clothes and old newspapers. (二 )使用平行结构，增强语感节奏和顺畅度 平行结构的使用是一种修辞手法

20、，重复使用相同的结构，其中既有词汇的重复，又有纯粹的语法结构的重复。它不但能使段落节奏匀称，还可以引起读者的注意，使读者顺利地理解全段内容，起到强调和承上启下的作用。 词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可以强调你所要表达的意思，也必然使读者把眼前的句子与前面的句子联系起来，如同用一根线将整个段落贯穿成一个整体，从而增强句子的语感节奏，使句子与句子之间的衔接更加顺畅。例如： (NMET2006北京 )I love life; I love mother； I love nature; I love peace. 试比较： I love life; I love mother; I love nature and I love peace. 再如： (NMET2006全国 II)I am a boy of 17 and I am studying at high school now. I am good at English and I can talk with foreign tourists in English freely. 上述例子使用的是词汇