1、2023年7月25日星期二化工构词特点化工构词特点 It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.A wonderful job.Are you going to take it?I dont think so.Why not?”I dont want to.这是小说中的一段对说,属于这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特点是:用词自口语文体。其特点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省由,句法结构简单,短句与省略句多,自然朴素,生活气息略句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。浓厚。听说有个很好的工作要你去干。挺好的工作。打算干吗?不。为
2、什么不干?不想干。摘自刀锋(the Razors Edge)Gone with wind:Home!Ill go home,and Ill think of some way to get him back.After all,tomorrow is another day.Titanic:Jack:Listen,Rose.Youre going to get out of here.Youre going to go on.Youre going to make lots of babies,and youre going to watch them grow.You re going to
3、 die and old,an old lady in her warm bed,not here,not this night,not like this.Do you understand me?Forrest Gump:Life is like a box of chocolate,you never know what youre gonna get.once I let a true love slip away before my eyes,only to find myself regretting when it was too late,nothing in the worl
4、d can be as painful as this.If the God wound give a chance,I wound tell the girl I love the girl;if our love have to be settled a time limit,I wish it wound be ten hounds of years!In China hes known as the Flying Fish;in America they call him the Baltimore(巴尔的摩)Bullet.Whatever you call him,American
5、swimmer Michael Phelps looks destined to become a household name across the world after breaking the Olympic record for most gold medals in a single Games.Michael Phelps dominated the field in seven of his races and set an amazing seven world records in the process.Michael Phelps The widespread use
6、of halogenoalkanes leads to pollution problems:Aromatic halogen compounds and alkanes in which three or four halogen atoms are joined to the same carbon atom are not hydrolysedthey are not biodegradablebut are soluble in body fats.This means that they get concentrated in organisms,which are then eat
7、en by predators.This results in an ever increasing concentration of these compounds in the body tissues of animals further up the food chain.Pollution problems They can serve as valuable,and they are frequently needed as or as for important synthetic products.Several therapeutically significant natu
8、ral products were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively prepared by total synthesis:专业术语多,合成新词多,前后缀出现频率高,缩略词经常出现,非限定动词(尤其是分词)使用频繁:常用形式主语和形式宾语、名词结构和被动语态使用频繁,复杂长句多,复合句多,每句包含的信息量大。:时态运用有限,修辞手法简单,逻辑语法使用普遍。如何学科技英语?词汇语法专业词汇的特点专业词汇的构词法专业词汇的特点1)普通词汇专业化2)专业术语词义单一性3)4)大量使用同根词5)广泛
9、运用缩略词语普通词汇的专业化普通词汇的专业化单词普通词义科技词义solution解决方案溶液order次序、命令级数power力量功率support支持支架function功能函数flash闪耀闪蒸Green bodies are formed by pressing granules in a die.词义专一词义专一hydrolyze水解水解alkane烷烃烷烃evaporation蒸发蒸发aluminumAl(铝)(铝)oxidation 氧化氧化methylamine 甲胺甲胺halogen卤素卤素nitroglycerin硝酸甘油硝酸甘油前缀和后缀前缀和后缀(prefix and s
10、uffix)mono-monocrystal/monophase/monoatomicdi-dipole/carbon dioxidebi-bicycle/biphase/binary compoundspoly-polymer/polyethylene/polyatomic-lessnoiseless/stainless steel-phone earphone/telephone/cellphone-ics electronics/physicsamino-amino acid/aminobutene/aminobenzene.chloro-chloro-fluorocarbon/chlo
11、roamine.-ane methane/ethane/propane/butane.-ene ethene/propene/butene.-yne ethyne/propyne/butyne.大量使用同根词大量使用同根词 hardly hardness harden hardenability hardwareproduct production productivitycompressor compressive compressionhexanoic acid hexanitrate hexangular 广泛运用缩略形式广泛运用缩略形式FDA Food and Drug Adminis
12、tration (美国)食品及药物管理局 DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid(脱氧核糖核酸)HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography(高效液相色谱)PVC Poly(vinyl chloride)聚氯乙稀PPM parts per million(百万分率)IR,UV?Word building(构词法)oA common way of making new words in English is by adding standard combinations of letters to existing words,either
13、at the beginning(prefixes)or at the end(suffixes).oBy noting these carefully,you will find it is easy to make large increases in your recognition vocabulary.构词法1.大部分词来自希腊语和拉丁语。大部分词来自希腊语和拉丁语。2.前缀和后缀出现频率非常高前缀和后缀出现频率非常高 1.合成词(合成词(composition)2.派生词(派生词(derivation)3.转换词(转换词(conversion):合成词合成词(Composition
14、)合成词是专业英语中一大类词,其组成面广,多合成词是专业英语中一大类词,其组成面广,多数数以短划线以短划线“”连接单词连接单词构成,或者采用短语构成,或者采用短语构成。构成。随着词汇的专用化,有些合成词中间的连线渐渐随着词汇的专用化,有些合成词中间的连线渐渐省略掉了,形成了一个独立的单词。省略掉了,形成了一个独立的单词。合成词并非可以随意构造,否则会造成一种非正合成词并非可以随意构造,否则会造成一种非正常的英语句子结构,虽然可由多个单词构成合成常的英语句子结构,虽然可由多个单词构成合成词,但这种合成方式太冗长,应尽量避免。词,但这种合成方式太冗长,应尽量避免。合成词实例:合成词实例:Elect
15、rochemical=electric+chemical Aramid=aromatic+amide Redox=reduction+oxidation派生词(派生词(Derivation)这类词非常多,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生这类词非常多,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的,它是根据已有的词,通过对词根上各法构成的,它是根据已有的词,通过对词根上各种种前缀和后缀前缀和后缀来构成新词。来构成新词。这些词缀有这些词缀有:inter-,sub-,in-,tele-,micro-等;等;:im-,un-,-able,-al,-ing,-ed等;等;:re-,under-,de-,-en,con
16、-等。等。e.g.subsoil 下层土 subdivide 再分;细分 subspace 子空间 subsonic 亚音速的 subsystem 子系统 sub-cooled 低温冷却的 microwave 微波 microscope 显微镜 micrometer 千分尺 micro-volt 微伏特 microampere 微安 microphone 麦克风 rustproof 防锈的 shockproof 防震的 dustproof 防尘的 lightproof 不透光的 soundproof 隔音的 bulletproof 防弹的有人做了统计,在科技英语中,用前缀“micro”构成的词
17、有300多个转换词(转换词(conversion)转换转换,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。,即由一个词类转化为另一个词类。e.g.picture(n)画picture(v)描绘 water(n)水 water(v)浇水PM gears have very good surface finish.粉末冶金齿轮具有很好的表面?vn构词法在专业英语中的应用一些化合物的名称:一些化合物的名称:methyltrichlorosilanepolytetrafluoroethylenee.g.“polyacrylonitrile”一词由三个词素组成一词由三个词素组成,即即“ploy-”,“-acryl-”和
18、和“-nitrile”。词素。词素ploy-意为意为“多多,聚聚,重重,复复”,-acryl-意为意为“丙稀丙稀”,-nitrile意为意为“腈腈”。通过词。通过词素语义的分析素语义的分析“polyacrylonitrile”一词的汉意就弄清楚了一词的汉意就弄清楚了,即即“聚丙烯腈聚丙烯腈”。甲基三氯硅烷甲基三氯硅烷聚四氟乙烯聚四氟乙烯Assignmentbio-,biomaterial biotechnology biodegradable biomedicine biocatalyst biosynthesisNano-,nanochemistry nanostructure nanote
19、chnology nanotube nanosecondanti-,antibody anticancer antioxidant antifoam antitumorTry to translate the following into Chinese according to word building:Wide+spread widespreadhalogen+alkane halogen alkaneBee+wax bee waxman+made manmadework+shop workshop feed-back feedbackon+line onlinegas+pipe gas
20、pipefiber+glass fiberglass 专业英语着重讲述客观现象和科学真理,要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大,因此其语法特点主要表现为:常用一般现在时、被动语态、非谓语形式、定语从句。(一一)常用一般现在时常用一般现在时 专业英语中最常使用的时态是专业英语中最常使用的时态是一般现在时一般现在时,用来表述用来表述“无时间性无时间性”(Timeless)的的“一般叙一般叙述述”,即通常发生或并无时限的自然现象、过,即通常发生或并无时限的自然现象、过程、规律等;程、规律等;其次是其次是一般将来时一般将来时和和现在完成时现在完成时;再次是再次是一般过去时一般过去时和和现在进行时现在进行时。其他时态相对来说用的不多其他时态相对来说用的不多。(二二)常用被动语态常用被动语态 专业英语专业英语多用被动语态多用被动语态,因为专业英语,因为专业英语叙述的往往是客观的事物、现象或过程,而叙述的往往是客观的事物、现象或过程,而主体往往是从事某项工作主体往往是从事某项工作(实验、研究、分析、实验、研究、分析、观测等等观测等等)的人或装置。使用被动语态不仅比的人或装置。使用被动语态不仅比较客观,而且可以使读者的注意力集中在叙较客观,而且可以使读者的注意力集中在叙述的事物、现实或过程上。述的事物、现实或过程上。
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