非谓语动词导学案.doc

1、非谓语动词定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如： They built a garden.They suggested building a garden. （2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. （3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如： He

2、 was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式） I have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having written the composition, I handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） （4）都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work at once.（不定式的逻辑

3、主语） We are League members.（谓语动词的主语） We being League member, the work was well done.（现分词的逻辑主语） (5) 否定式一般用not, 并且放在非谓语动词之前。The teacher told you not to look out of the window.非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 （2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或主语与宾语补足语。 （3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和

4、分词），在句中作状语。 （4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。 功能及用法 动词不定式:肯定式：（to）+ V.，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式： not + (to) V.动词不定式的构成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。例如：Im nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。 We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。 He wants to be an

5、 artist. 他想成为一个艺术家。 The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上动手术。The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成这项工作。（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，而且强调其动作正在进行。例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. 这个男孩假装在努力工作。 He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。He seems to be looking

6、for something.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。 不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语： To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句子末尾，例如上面两句可用如下形

7、式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose your heart. 常用句式有： It + be + 名词 + to do It takes sb. + some time + to do It + be + 形容词 + of / for sb. + to do当good, foolish, silly, stupid, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, wise, clever, bright 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词作表语时，后接of sb. t

8、o do sth. 的不定式短语作真正的主语。Its foolish of you to do the thing.Its very important for us to learn English well.（2）作表语： Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree,

9、promise, prefer等。如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.（当谓语动词是do及其变异形式时，but之后接省略to的不定式）动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： He gave us some advi

10、ce on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语与主语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema使役与感观动词如make, let, have, see

11、, watch, hear, feel等后接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动语态时，作主语补足语的不定式要加to, 如： I saw him cross the road. 我看见他横过公路。 He was seen to cross the road. 他被看见横过公路。 We often hear her sing the song.She is often heard to sing the song.The boss made the workers work for twelve hours a day.The workers were made by the boss to

12、 work for twelve hours a day.（5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： 动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live (in). 他无处安身。 T

13、his is the best way to work out this problem (in). 如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式： Have you got anything to send? 你要送什么东西吗？ Have you got anything to be sent? 你有什么东西需要送吗？ 说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first person to get here. 他是第一个来到这儿的人。 （6）作状语： 表目

14、的： He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式作目的状语时，其逻辑主语要与句子主语保持一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱，他使出了浑身解数。 wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn Englis

15、h well, he needs a dictionary. In order to catch the early bus, he got up very early. 表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果，意料之外的)： 常放在never only后。He arrived late only to find the train had gone. I visited him only to find him out. 表原因：常放在形容词后面。They were very sad to hear the news. Im glad to meet you. 表程度： Its too dark

16、 for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer. The problems are too difficult for us to work out.比较： The problems are so difficult that we cant work them out.The box is too heavy for him to carry.比较：The box is so heavy that he cant carry it.（7）作目的状语：既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。To tell you th

17、e truth, I dont like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to，省略后面的动词及其宾语。 If you dont want to do it, you dont need to (do it). “Would you like to go fishing with me?” “Yes, Id love to (go fishing with you).”（9）不定式的并列结构：第二个不定式可省略to。 He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 动名词： 动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句

18、法功能。 一般式 （谓语动词同时发生）doingbeing done完成式 （谓语动词发生之前）having donehaving been done动名词的形式： V.-ing 否定式：not + 动名词 （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。He went to school without having breakfast. （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： H

19、e forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。Would you mind not smoking here?（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格） + 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他

20、不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 Would you mind his sitting here?Would you mind (your) sitting here?动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语： Reading aloud is very helpful. 大声朗读是很有好处的。 Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。 Its no use quarrelling with him. 与他争吵是没用的。 比较：Its useless to quarrel with him.（2）作表语： A nurses jo

21、b is taking good care of patients.（3）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted.注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如： We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 以下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语： enjoy, finish, suggest, avo

22、id（避免）, excuse, delay, imagine, keep (on), miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keep from, stop（from）, protectfrom, set about, be engage

23、d in, spend(in), succeed in, be /get used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, give upHe couldnt help singing to hear the good news.They succeeded in finishing the work in a week.You should advise your father to give up smoking.The film is well worth seeing.The concert is wor

24、th listening to.The keys are worth looking for.（4）作定语(表示用途)： He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。 Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ （5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的

25、习惯仍未改变。 注意以下几个问题：1下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别。 forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做过了某事 remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记着曾做过某事 mean to do sth. 打算要做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做了某事 regret to do sth. （do指代有限的几个词，如say、tell） 很抱歉要告诉你 regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事 cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 ca

26、nt help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事 try to do sth. 尽力去做某事 try doing sth. 试着做某事 learn to do sth. 学着去做某事 learn doing sth. 学会做某事 stop to do sth. 停下来去做（另一件事） stop doing sth. 停止做某事 continue / go on to do sth. 接下来做（另外一件事） continue /go on doing sth. 继续做某事 used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 2动名词作定语与

27、现在分词作定语意义有区别动名词作定语表达 n. + for doing 的含义 现在分词作定语表达 n. + which (who) be doing的含义 如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping a running horse = a horse which is running 前者是动名词，后者是现在分词。又如： drinking water, reading roomrunning water, sleeping boy现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 现在分词的形式： V.-ing否定式：not + 现在分词

28、（1） 现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如： （2） They went to the park, singing and talking. （3） Having done his homework, he went out to play basketball.（2）现在分词的被动式：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. Having been

29、told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语 放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如： in the following years也可用in the years that followed; th

30、e man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. （2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于 be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 （3）作宾语补足语（强调动作正在进行）： 如下动词后可跟现在分词作

31、宾语补足语： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。 （4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced（先进）worker. 作原因状语： Being a

32、League member（共青团员）, he is always helping others. 作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 作目的状语： He went swimming the other

33、day. 几天前他去游泳了。 作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格结构： I waiting for the bus, a traffic accident happened= When I was waiting for the bus, a traffic accident happenedCf. Waiting for the bus, I saw a traffic accident happen= When I was waiting for the b

34、us, I saw a traffic accident happen当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，我们使用独立主格结构。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致时，我们使用分词短语。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without) + 名词（代词宾格） + 分词形式 With the lights

35、 burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分： Judging from (by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。 过去分词过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。 1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅

36、行。 Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.

37、（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several time

38、s last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never b

39、e forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。 应注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别：China is a developing country and America is a developed country. We should

40、 drink boiled water, but we cant drink boiling water.2分词作表语 The news sounds exciting. They got very excited at the news. 1）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别： The story is interesting. （表示主语的性质特征） He is interested in the story. （表示主语的心理状态） doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。 2）表语与被动式的区别： The blackboard was brok

41、en by Xiao Ming. （强调动作） The blackboard is broken. Youd better have it repaired. （强调状态） 3）常作表语的过去分词： amused, injured, covered, known, dressed, lost, broken, gone, delighted, excited, pleased, satisfied, married, worried, surprised, interested, burnt, shut, crowded, wounded, drunk, done3现在分词、动名词 现在进行时

42、的区别 The situation in our country is encouraging. (表语) The situation in our country is encouraging the people. ( 现在进行时) My job is looking after the little baby. (动名词) 能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。 例如： How is the situation in our country ? I

43、t is encouraging. What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby. 4值得注意的四种结构： have something to do 有某事要做 have something done 使某事被做 have somebody do something 使某人做某事 have something doing 让某事一直做着 We have a lot of homework to do today.Im going to have my hair cut after school.You cant have

44、him do that. Hes too young.They had the lights burning all through the night.5需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词： seat, prepare, hide, dress 如：I seated myself on the chair. I was seated on the chair. 6分词做状语与不定式的区别： 分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。 Having finished the homework, I went home. （ 时间） Being a Party memb

45、er, I should work hard. （原因） Given more time, I can do my work better. （条件） He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy. （ 伴随） To get more knowledge, we must work harder and harder. ( 目的 ) He is old enough to join the army. （ 结果） 7分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别 a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running

46、a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking something to do 不定式 = something that I should do 8不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别： I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting. ( 将来) The building being built on the river is the Science Museum. （正在进行） The buildi

47、ng completed three years ago is now in bad conditions. （ 过去） 9分词做状语需要注意的一个问题： 分词与句子主语的逻辑关系 Seeing from the hill, the city looks beautiful. (错误) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful. （正确）Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；seen 与city 是动宾关系 1The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C, didnt include women players until 1919.