国开大学2020年01月2157《英语阅读(3)》期末考试参考答案.pdf

1、试卷代号：2157 国家开放大学2019年秋季学期期末统一考试英语阅读(3)试题2020年1月注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校（工作站）名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场。二、仔细读懂题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。467 Part I Questions 110 are based on Passage 1.(3 0 points,3 points each)Passage 1 Searching

2、 for Utopia 1 While most of the world seems to be motivated by more money,better televisions,more powerful cars,the highest-tech computers,bigger houses,there are some independent souls who are tired of the rat-race that is,the stressful pressures of working hard to get ahead.Since around 1990,there

3、 has been a slow but steady rise in intentional communities in the U.S.An intentional community is a group of people who have chosen to live together with a common purpose.Although quite diverse in philosophy and lifestyle,each of these groups places a high priority on a sense of community,in other

4、words,the feeling of belonging and mutual support.There were 300 intentional communities listed in the 1990 edition of the Intentional Communities Directory;by 1995,this had grown to 600,and it is estimated that there are now several thousand,listed and unlisted,in operation.These communities vary i

5、n size,but in the 600 listed communities in 1995,total population,including children,was estimated at 24,000.2 At first glance,the intentional community movement appears quite divrse.It is multi-generational,i.e.with ages ranging from children to seniors.They may choose to live together on a piece o

6、f rural land,in a suburban centre,or in an urban neighbourhood.In some communities,individuals own their own land and house;in others,these things are shared.There is a wide variety of choices regarding standard of livingsome embrace voluntary simplicity while others have full access to the products

7、 and services of todays society.Even the purposes vary widely.For example,communities have been formed to create great family neighbourhoods,to live ecologically sustainable lifestyles,or simply to live with others who share their valyes.Some are secular while others are committed to a common religi

8、ous belief.3 What unites the intentional community movement is its membersproud rejection of mainstream consumer values.Nearly all communities encourage sharing items members dont need to own privately,for example,washing machines,trucks,swimming 168 pools.Many communities serve as model environment

9、al or teaching centers for sustainable agriculture.For example,The Farm,a large cooperative community in rural Tennessee does not reject competitive business practices but rather,commits to a vision of environmentally friendly business.Members of The Farm work in several small-scale industries inclu

10、ding solar electronics,solar car research,and a publishing company for alternative books.4 An example of an intentional community committed to voluntary simplicity is Vashon Co-Housing Community.Its members choose to live in small unpainted wood houses,shingled with cedar.Uncle Martin decided to lea

11、ve New York in 1989 and move his family to the Vashon Co-Housing.He and his family live on little money,dont own a computer,and forbid anything with the Disney label on it.Rather than playing Myst on the computer,the family spends their evening playing old-fashioned card games,or reading.Residents l

12、ive in separate dwellings but homes are connected by dirt roads,there are 13 acres of communal land,all residents attend bimonthly meetings,and every month there is a work party in which everybody pitches in with outdoor chores.5 These communities are the newest expression of the 300-year-old Americ

13、an desire to build a non-hierarchical,or equal,community with values uncorrupted by the larger society.It was this desire to form a new,ideal community which brought the Pilgrims to the U.S.in the early 17th century.300 years later,it is still impossible to find a community that has achieved perfect

14、ion.The problems we see out there in the mainstream-greed,dishonesty,egoism,competition,factionalism-all manage to find their way into alternative cultures too.However,intentional communities have a much lower crime rate than their mainstream neighbours,and claim a more caring and satisfying lifesty

15、le.They are committed to ideals of ecology,cooperation,and family,even though they may often fail to reach those ideals perfectly.Their utopian vision provides a challenge to the pace and purpose of modern American society.Read Passage 1 and find the definitions for each of the following in the pass

16、age.Write your answers on your answer sheet.1.the rat-race:2.an intentional community:469 3.sense of community:4.multi-generational:5.The Farm:Read Passage 1 again and find which the underlined word s)in each of the following sentences refer to.6.by 1995,少hadgrown to 600,and it is estimated that the

17、re are now several thousand(paragraph 1)7.in others,!iese things are shared.(paragraph 2)8.杻!members choose to lie in small unpainted wood houses(paragraph 4)9.旦andhis family live on little money,(paragraph 4)10.They are committed to ideas of ecology,cooperation,and family(paragraph 5)Part II Questi

18、ons 11一20are based on Passage 2.30 points,3 points each)Passage 2 The Most Innovative City 1(11)Problems such as poverty,crime,public education,and pollution control plague the majority of the worlds cities.Each one,it seems,is struggling to avoid urban disaster.But Curitiba,Brazil,a city of 1.6 mil

19、lion people,is dealing with these problems.This little-known city in southeast Brazil is being recognized as the place that has solutions to many of the worlds growing urban problems.2(12)Through this program,more than 70%of its trash is recycled-compared with the 25%in Los Angeles.Christano Pinheir

20、o,a seven-year-old boy shows how its done.At the start of the school year,Pinheiro traded 8 pounds of recyclable garbage for a packet of new notebooks.Each week,he and his two older brothers exchange trash for fresh fruit or 2 pounds of protein-rich beans.The program helps the poor.In 1995,the city

21、exchanged nearly 2 million pounds of food,348,000 Easter eggs and 26,000 Christmas cakes for recyclable trash.Hundreds of quilts for the needy were stuffed with crushed styrofoam.Christiano was one of 25,000 poor children who received these supplies.(13)470 3(14)Old worn out equipment was frequently

22、 being replaced with new technology and equipment.Like every other city,old,yet usable materials were being dumped around the city of Curitiba.This gave engineers and architects an opportunity to work together to use the materials creatively.Old wooden telephone poles are now reused in office buildi

23、ngs,bridges and public squares.Retired buses have become mobile classrooms for adult education.Virtually everything has more than one use,said Mayor Rafael Greca,whose airy office overlooking a park is made of old poles and glass.Its just a matter of figuring out how to reuse things and then teachin

24、g people how to do it.4(15)The latest additions are the Lighthouses of Learning,based on the great lighthouse and library in Alexandria.Egypt,one of the ancient worlds seven wonders.The first lighthouse was built as an experiment in 1995 to determine exactly who would use it,and the effect it would

25、have on the surrounding neighborhood.Within six months of being opened,it was clear that it was popular.Soon after,a lighthouse was built in each of the citys neighborhoods.5(16)One of the lighthouses is three blocks from my home,so I use it for all my school projects,said Deucina Costa,a high schoo

26、l senior who stops in every couple of weeks.So do my 10-year-old brother and 12-year-old sister.Mom lets them come because its safe.Now,the lighthouses have become the focal point of neighborhoods and have cut crime rates.They each cost about$180,000.(17)6(18)Unlike other cities where government bui

27、ldings are located in an often isolated,high rent area,government offices in Curitiba are accessible to everyone on what is known as Citizen Streets.These Citizen Streets are colorful covered avenues of government offices and shops where residents can pay utility bills,get a marriage license,have a

28、haircut,buy groceries or file a police report.And instead of zoning the city into commercial,institutional and leisure facilities as most cities do,Curitibas planners have merged them all together so that people can use their time effectively at a minimum cost.The Citizen Streets have 600-seat open

29、theaters,sports areas,and classrooms that offer professional training for$1 a course.In one recent computer class,Marta Penha,a 28-year-old teacher,said she enrolled because the price is right.With my income,this is the only route to advancement.7(19)Short courses on how to make better use of the en

30、vironment are tailored for homemakers,contractors and merchants.Taxi drivers have to take a course to 471 get an operators license.By the end of 1993,34 environmentally friendly daycare centers were up and running.Children get a chance to interact,and learn about their environment.The activities inc

31、lude making masks of animals facing extinction from magazine pages.They are then sold in a string of souvenir shops,with profits helping to pay for the facilities.In small gardens out back,the kids grow vegetables for their snacks.8 Were trying to create a whole new set of attitudes and a sense of i

32、nvolvement in this City,Greca said.(20)Skim Passage 2 and then choose from the following list an appropriate sentence to fill in each of the blanks in the passage.A.Environmental efforts were only a small part of the plan for Curitiba.B.To the people of Curitiba,this city is the best human invention

33、 there is.C.Continual migration and lack of city planning has created an unfriendly environment for many cities in the world today.D.Household garbage was not the only reason to begin a recycle program.E.Its cheaper to build libraries than prisons,said Greca.F.The brightly coloured lighthouses have

34、5,000-volume libraries on the first floor,reading rooms on the second and a guard in a light tower that transmits a strong beam to provide community security.G.Like most other overcrowded and poor cities in the world,Curitiba had a serious garbage problem,until it introduced its garbage that is not

35、garbage program.H.In 1991,Curitiba built the Free University for the Environment-from old telephone poles.I.Curitiba is now known as the worlds recycling capital.J.Curitiba is also taking government to the people.Part III Read Passage 3 and decide whether the following statements are true or false.W

36、rite T for true and F for false on your answer sheet.(20 points,2 points each)Passage 3 The English Character 1 The English,as a race,have the reputation of being very different form all other 472 nationalities,including their closest neighbors,the French,Belgians and Dutch.It is claimed that living

37、 on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it.Whatever the reasons it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed many attitudes and habits which distinguish him from other nationalities.2 Broadly speaking,the Englishman is a quiet,shy,reserved person who is fully

38、 relaxed only among people he knows well.When he encounters strangers or foreigners he often seems uneasy,even embarrassed.You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this.Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corne

39、r;no one speaks.In fact,to do so would seem most unusual.An English wit,pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors,once suggested,On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers.Needless to say,he was not being serious.There is an unwritten but clearly understood code

40、of behaviour,which,if broken,makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.3 It is a well-known fact that the English have an obsession with their weather and that,given half a chance,they will talk about it at length.Some people argue that it is because English weather defies forecast and he

41、nce is a source of interest to everyone.This may be so.Certainly Englishmen cannot have much faith in the meteorological experts-the weathermen-who,after promising glorious,sunny weather for the following day,are often proved wrong when an anti-cyclone over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all d

42、istricts!The man in the street seems to be as accurate-or as inaccurate-as the weathermen in his prediction.This helps to explain the seemingly odd sight of an Englishman leaving home on a bright,sunny summer morning with a raincoat slung over his arm and an umbrella in his hand.So variable is the w

43、eather that by lunchtime there could be thunder and lightning.4 The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number of references to weather that the English make to each other in thcourse of a single day.V cry often conventional greetings are replaced by comments on the weather.

44、Nice day,isnt it?Beautiful!may well be heard instead of Good morning,how are you?Although the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic,it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage.If he wants to start a conversation with an Englishman(or woman)but is at a loss to kno

45、w where to begin,he could do well to mention the state of the weather.It is a safe subject which will encourage even the most reserved of Englishmen to enter into a discussion.473 5 In many parts of the world it is quite normal to show frank extremes of enthusiasm,emotion,passion,etc.,often accompan

46、ied by appropriate gestures.The Englishman is somewhat different.Of course,an Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality,but he tends to display his feelings far less.This is reflected in his use of language.Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl.Whereas a man o

47、f a more emotional nature might describe her as a priceless jewel,diving or precious,the Englishman will flatly state um,shes all right,An Englishman who has seen a highly successful and enjoyable film recommends it to a friend by commenting:Its not bad,you know.Or on seeing a breathtakini landscape

48、 he might show his pleasure by saying:Nice,yes,very nice.The overseas visitor must not be disappointed by this apparent lack of interest and involvement;he must realize that all right,not bad,and nice,are very often used as superlatives with the sense of first-class,excellent,beautiful.This special

49、use of language,particularly common in English,is known as understatement.Questions 21-30 are based on Passage 3.21.It is living on an island separated from the rest of Europe that makes the Englishman very different from all other nationalities.22.Travelling in commuter trains the English people li

50、ke to read newspapers to relax.23.According to an unwritten rule of behaviour people do not shake hands with each other in railway compartments.24.In England if a person doesnt talk about the weather he immediately becomes the object of suspicion.25.Englishmen do not have faith in weather forecastin