《计算机专业英语》课件第2章.ppt

1、 教学目标 教学内容Unit 2 Hardware System of Computer 教学目标教学目标 了解计算机的体系结构 了解CPU的组成 理解指令执行周期的过程 了解主板的功能 了解存储器的分类 了解常见的输入、输出设备 了解扩展槽的相关知识教学内容教学内容 Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture Text 2 CPU architectures Text 3 Motherboard Text 4 Storage Text 5 Input&Output Devices Text 6 Expansion Cards Text 1 Computer H

2、ardware Architecture Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises A computer system is comprised of the five building blocks,as well as additional peripheral support devices,which aid in data movement and processing.These basic building blocks are used to form the general processing,control,storage

3、,and input and output units that make up modern computer systems.Devices typically are organized in a manner that supports the application processing for which the computer system is intended,for example,if massive amounts of data need to be stored,then additional peripheral storage devices such as

4、disks or tape units are required,along with their required controllers or data channels.Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture A computer systems architecture is constructed using basic building blocks,such as CPUs,memories,disks,I/O,and other devices as needed.Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture T

5、o better describe the variations within architectures we will discuss some details briefly,for example,the arithmetic logic unit(ALU)and the control unit are merged together into a central processing unit or CPU.The CPU controls the flow of instructions and data in the computer system.Memories can b

6、e broken down into hierarchies based on nearness to the CPU and speed of access-for example,cache memory is small,extremely fast memory used for instructions and data actively executing and being used by the CPU and usually resides on the same board or chip as the CPU.The primary memory is slower,bu

7、t it is also cheaper and contains more memory locations.It is used to store data and instructions that will be used during the execution of applications presently running on the CPU,for example,if you boot up your word processing program on your personal computer,the operating system will attempt to

8、 place the entire word processing program in primary memory.If there is insufficient space,the operating system will partition the program into segments and pull them in as needed.Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture The portion of the program that cannot be stored in memory is maintained on a seco

9、ndary storage device,typically a disk drive.This device has a much greater storage capacity than the primary memory,typically costs much less per unit of storage,and has data access times that are much slower than the primary memory.A more recent external storage device is the CD-ROM drive.This devi

10、ce,in its read-only mode(ROM),allows users only to extract information from the drive.In the more recent read/write variety the device can be used somewhat like the traditional tape drive.An additional secondary storage device is the tape drive unit.A tape drive is a simple storage device that can s

11、tore massive amounts of data again,at less cost than the disk units but at a reduced access speed.Other components of a computer system are input and output units.These are used to extract data from the computer and provide these data to external devices or to input data from the external device.The

12、 external devices could be end-user terminals,sensors,information network ports,video,voice,or other computers.Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture In the following sections we will examine each of the components of a computer system in more detail,as we examine how these devices can be interconnec

13、ted to support data processing applications.Text 1 Computer Hardware Architecture Words and Expressionssystem software系统软件application software应用软件accomplish kmpli;km-vt.达到(目的)；完成(任务、使命、计划、事业等)；实现(诺言、计划等)：diagnostic routines【计算机】诊断(例行)程序亦作diagnostic subroutine,diagnostic testbasic input-output system

14、基本输入输出系统operating system操作系统graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面mechanism meknizm n.机械,机构,结构机制，原理reenter,ri:ent vt.再进入；重返OLE(object linking and embedding)functions对象连接与嵌入功能DDE(dynamic data exchange)动态数据交换clipboard klipb:d n.剪贴板Words and Expressions sophisticated sfistikeitid adj.（系统、流程、技术等)极其复杂的，精密的，

15、尖端的，发达的replacement ripleismnt n.交换,更换,代替者21世纪大英汉词典alternative:lt:ntiv adj.1.两者(或两者以上)择一的，二择其一的，可从数个中任择其一的；(两种选择中)非此即彼的2.供替代的；供选择的3.(两者)互斥的independently indipendntli adv.独立地,自立地milestone mailstun n.里程碑merge m:d vt.【计算机】合并pictorial pikt:ril adj.1.图片的；用图片表示的；由图片组成的；2.形象化的；生动的newsletters nju:z,let(r)n.时

16、事通讯,时事分析,时事传报21世纪大英汉词典AT&T美国电话电报公司(财富500强公司之一，总部所在地美国,主要经营电讯)portable p:tbl adj.【计算机】可移植的，不经修改便可在任何计算机上使用的multiprocessing,mltiprusesi;-pr-n.【计算机】多重处理(使用两个以上通往同一记忆系统的电脑处理机，能同时处理多项程序)，多道处理ExercisesI.True or false?If correct,write T in parentheses;Otherwise,write F.（）1.System software is a specialized

17、programs that enables the user to accomplish specific tasks.（）2.The operating system helps manage computer resources.（）3.Windows gets its name because of its ability to run multiple applications at the same time,each in its own window.（）4.Windows also has DDE(dynamic data exchange)and OLE(object lin

18、king and embedding)functions.（）5.OLE dont allow the application receiving the data to directly access the application that created the data.（）6.With multiprocessing,the demands of the database management program do affect the printing of the document.（）7.Windows NT has network capabilities and secur

19、ity checks built into the operating system.This makes network installation and use relatively easy.（）8.OS/2 was developed only by Microsoft Corporation.（）9.The Macintosh Software,which runs only on Macintosh computers,offers a high-quality graphical user interface and is very hard to use.（）10.Unix w

20、as originally developed by AT&T for minicomputers and is very good for multitasking.ExercisesII.Fill in the blanks with proper words.1.Software refers to computer programs._are the instructions that tell the computer how to process data into the form you want.2.There are two kinds of software:system

21、 software and_ software.3._ software is a collection of programs that enables application software to run on a computer systems hardware devices,it is background software and includes programs that help the computer manage its own internal resources.4._ software consists of four kinds of programs:bo

22、otstrap loader,diagnostic routines,basic input-output system,and operating system.5.Windows offers _,presents the user with graphic images of computer functions and data.6.Like Windows,Windows NT,and OS/2,the Macintosh System enables you to do _ That is,several programs can run at the same time.7.Un

23、ix is becoming a larger player in the microcomputer world.Unix can be used with different types of computer systems,that is,it is a portable operating system.It is used with microcomputers,minicomputers,_,and supercomputers.Text 2 CPU architectures Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises The c

24、entral processing unit(CPU)is the brains of a computer system.The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit(ALU)and the control unit,as indicated previously.The ALU can come in a variety of configurations from a single simple unit,that performs simple adds,subtracts,increments,decrements,load,and st

25、ore,up to extremely complex units that perform operations such as multiply,divide,exponentiation,sine,cosine,and so on.The primary operation of the ALU is to take zero or more operands and perform the function called for in the instruction.In addition to the ALU,the CPU consists of a set of register

26、s to store operands and intermediate results and to maintain information used by the CPU to determine the state of its computations.There are registers for the status of the ALUs operation,for keeping count of the instruction to be performed next,to keep data flowing in from memory or out to memory,

27、to maintain the instruction being executed,and for the location of operands being operated on by the CPU.Text 2 CPU architecturesEach of these registers has a unique function within the CPU,and each is necessary for various classes of computer architectures.A typical minimal architecture for a CPU a

28、nd its registers is shown in Fig.2.1.This architecture consists of a primary memory connected to the CPU via buses that use a memory address register and memory data register to address a location in memory and transfer the contents of the location from the memory into the memory data register or to

29、 transfer the contents of the memory data register into memory.There are registers in the CPU for instructions(the instruction or IR register),instruction operands,and results of operations;a location counter(which contains either the location in memory for instructions or operands,depending on the

30、decoding of instructions);a program counter or PC(which maintains the location of the next instruction to perform);and status registers.MARMemoryArrayMDRCPURegistersPCIRText 2 CPU architecturesMARMemoryArrayMDRCPURegistersPCIRFig.2.1 the CPU and its Associated RegistersText 2 CPU architecturesThe CP

31、U also contains the control unit.The control unit uses the status registers and instructions in the instruction register to determine what functions the CPU must perform.Registers,ALU,and data paths that make up the CPU.The basic operation of the CPU follows a simple loop(unless interrupts occur tha

32、t alter the flow of execution).This loop is called the instruction execution cycle(Fig.2.2).There are six basic functions performed in the instruction loop:instruction fetch,instruction decode,operand effective address calculation,operand fetch,operation execution,and next address calculation.Fig.2.

33、2 Instrumentation Execution CycleInstructionFetchInstructionDecodeOperandAddressComputationNext InstructionAddressComputationInstructionExecutionOperandFetchInstruction fetch uses the program counter register to point to the next instruction stored in memory.The address is placed in the memory addre

34、ss register and the instruction is then gated(electronically signaled by the CPU control element to transfer the data)from the data memory into the memory data register.The instruction then flows into the instruction register under the direction of the control unit.Once an instruction is in the inst

35、ruction register,the second cycle in instruction execution can be performed decode.To decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what type of instruction is being requested for example,does the instruction require additional data from memory to perform its intended function,or does the i

36、nstruction involve only ALU resident registers?The third cycle within instruction execution is the operand effective address calculation.This phase of instruction execution operates by extracting operand address information from the instruction and then performing some form of calculation(e.g.,base

37、plus offset)with this information to form a physical address in memory.Once the type and number of operands are determined,the ALU can acquire the operands and then set up to perform the decoded instruction.Once we have a physical address,we can fetch the operand(the fourth function of the instructi

38、on execution cycle).To fetch the operand the effective address is placed in the memory address register,and the control gates the contents pointed to by the memory address register into the memory data register.The extracted operand is then gated from the memory data register into an ALU register.If

39、 an additional operand is needed,the two cycle steps for operand fetch would be repeated to get the remaining operand.With all required operands in ALU registers the instruction requested can now be performed.The instruction execution is controlled by the CPU control unit.The control unit signals to

40、 the ALU to perform the instruction for example,if an add is requested the ALU would add the A and B registers and place the result in the C register.After the instruction is completed the last step in the instruction execution cycle can proceed.The next address calculation uses the program counter

41、and/or any pertinent computation result to determine where in the memory the next instruction is to be found.The normal mode of address calculation is to increment the contents of the program counter.With the new address the instruction cycle begins once more.This execution sequence represents the b

42、asic functions found in all computer systems.Variations in the number of steps are found based on the type and length of the instruction.Words and Expressionsconfiguration kn,figjurein n.结构,布局,形态计算机 配置perform pf:m vt.执行；履行Advanced Data Display System(adds)高级数据显示系统subtract sbtrkt vt.扣除，减少，减损：incremen

43、t inkrimnt n.增加(增加物,增量,余差)decrement dekrimnt n.渐减,减少,减少量计算机 递减multiply mltiplai vt.【数学】乘，使相乘：divide divaid vt.【数学】除，用除法分成相等的几份；除尽；把作除数，以相除：exponentiation ekspu,neniein n.【数学】取幂sine sain;saini;sinei n.【几何学】1)正弦2)(角的)正弦函数cosine kusain n.【三角学】余弦Words and Expressionsintermediate,intmi:djt;-dieit adj.中间的

44、，居间的minimal miniml adj.最小的；最少的；最低限度的status register状态寄存器interrupt,intrpt n.中断v.打断,妨碍,插嘴计算机 中断the instruction execution cycle指令执行周期instruction loop闭合指令循环回路instruction decode指令译码gated amplifier选通放大器decode,di:kud vt.译(密码文电等)，译(码)，解(码)等：operand prnd;,prnd n.【计算机】操作数acquire kwai vt.(计算机、机器人等)捕捉，捕获，截获pert

45、inent p:tinnt adj.恰当的；适当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的ExercisesI.True or false?If correct,write T in parentheses;Otherwise,write F.（）1.There are registers in the CPU for instructions,instruction operands,and results of operations;a location counter;a program counter or PC(which maintains the location of the next ins

46、truction to perform);and status registers.（）2.Once an instruction is in the instruction register,the second cycle in instruction execution can be performed code.（）3.To decode the instruction the control unit must recognize what type of instruction is being requested.（）4.The second cycle within instr

47、uction execution is the operand effective address calculation.（）5.Once the type and number of operands are determined,the ALU can acquire the operands and then set up to perform the coded instruction.（）6.Variations in the number of steps are found based on the type and length of the instruction.Exer

48、cisesII.Fill in the blanks with proper words.1.The central processing unit(_)is the brains of a computer system.2.The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit(ALU)and the _ unit,as indicated previously.3.The_ unit uses the status registers and instructions in the instruction register to determine w

49、hat functions the CPU must perform.4.There are_ basic functions performed in the instruction loop:instruction fetch,instruction decode,operand effective address calculation,operand fetch,operation execution,and next address calculation.5.Instruction _ uses the program counter register to point to th

50、e next instruction stored in memory.6.The instruction execution is controlled by the CPU _unit.Text 3 Motherboard Main Contents Words and Expressions Exercises A motherboard is the central printed circuit board(PCB)in some complex electronic systems,such as modern personal computers.The motherboard