理物理的方法等效原理到宇宙课件.ppt

1、W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore1lIn 2002,DASI microwave interferometer observed the polarization of the cosmic background.lWith the pseudoscalar-photon interaction,the polarization anisotropy is shifted relative to the temperature anisotropy.lIn 2003,WMAP found that the polarization and tempera

2、ture are correlated to 10.This gives a constraint of 10-1 rad or 6 degrees of the cosmic polarization rotation angle.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore2lIn 2005,the DASI results were extended(Leitch et al.)and observed by CBI(Readhead et al.)and CAPMAP(Barkats et al.)lIn 2006,BOOMERANG CMB Polariz

3、ationlDASI,CBI,and BOOMERANG detections of Temperature-polarization cross correllationlPlanck Surveyor will be launched next year with better polarization-temperature measurement and will give a sensitivity to cosmic polarization rotation of 10-2-10-3.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore3TTTTTEEEBB(

4、r=0.3)BB(lensing)foregroundW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore4W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore5W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore6lThe effect of in(2)is to change the phase of two different circular polarizations of electromagnetic-wave propagation in gravitation field and gives polarization

5、 rotation for linearly polarized light.6-8 lPolarization observations of radio galaxies put a limit of 1 over cosmological distance.9-14l Further observations to test and measure to 10-6 is promising.lThe natural coupling strength is of order 1.However,the isotropy of our observable universe to 10-5

6、 may leads to a change()of over cosmological distance scale 10-5 smaller.Hence,observations to test and measure to 10-6 are needed.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore7lW.-T.Ni,A Nonmetric Theory of Gravity,preprint,Montana State University,Bozeman,Montana,USA(1973),http:/gravity5.phys.nthu.edu.tw.l

7、W.-T.Ni,Bull.Am.Phys.Soc.,1919,655(1974).lW.-T.Ni,Phys.Rev.Lett.3838,301(1977).lS.Weinberg,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.4040,233(1978).lF.Wilczek,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.4040,279(1978).lM.Dine sl et al.,sl Phys.Lett.104B104B,1999(1981).lM.Shifman sl et al.,sl Nucl.Phys.B166B166,493(1980).lJ.Kim,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.4343,1

8、03(1979).lS.L.Cheng,C.Q.Geng and W.-T.Ni,sl Phys.Rev.D52D52 3132(1995)and references therein.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore8lW.-T.Ni,Equivalence Principles and Precision Experiments pp.647-651,in Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II,ed.by B.N.Taylor and W.D.Phillips,Natl.Bur.Stan

9、d.(U.S.),Spec.Publ.bf 617(1984).lW.-T.Ni,Timing Observations of the Pulsar Propagations in the Galactic Gravitational Field as Precision Tests of the Einstein Equivalence Principle,pp.441-448 in Proceedings of the Second Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting of the International Astronomical Union,ed.by B.

10、Hidayat and M.W.Feast(Published by Tira Pustaka,Jakarta,Indonesia,1984).lW.-T.Ni,Equivalence Principles,Their Empirical Foundations,and the Role of Precision Experiments to Test Them,pp.491-517 in Proceedings of the 1983 International School and Symposium on Precision Measurement and Gravity Experim

11、ent,Taipei,Republic of China,January 24-February 2,1983,ed.by W.-T.Ni(Published by National Tsing Hua University,Hsinchu,Taiwan,Republic of China,June,1983).lM.P.Haugan and T.F.Kauffmann,sl Phys.Rev.D bf 52,3168(1995).lT.P.Krisher,sl Phys.Rev.D bf 44,R2211(1991).W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore9

12、lW.-T.Ni,A Nonmetric Theory of Gravity,preprint,Montana State University,Bozeman,Montana,USA(1973),http:/gravity5.phys.nthu.edu.tw.lS.M.Carroll,G.B.Field,R.Jackiw,sl Phys.Rev.D bf 41,1231(1990).lS.M.Carroll and G.B.Field,sl Phys.Rev.D bf 43,3789(1991).lB.Nodland and J.P.Ralston,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 7

13、8,3043(1997).lJ.F.C.Wardle,R.A.Perley,and M.H.Cohen,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 79,1801(1997).lD.J.Eisenstein and E.F.Bunn,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 79,1957(1997).lS.M.Carroll and G.B.Field,sl Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 79,2394(1997).lT.J.Loredo,E.A.Flanagan,and I.M.Wasserman,sl Phys,Rev.bf D 56,7507(1997).lS.M.Carroll,sl

14、Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 81,3067(1998).lA.Lue,L.Wang,and M.Kamionkowski,Phys.Rev.Lett.bf 83,1506(1999).W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore10lBirefringence:velocity dependent on polarization linear-polarization to elliptical-polarization lDichroism:absorption varies with polarizationlFaraday rotation(depend

15、ent on wavelength)lCosmic polarization Rotation not like QED vacuum birefringence(no V Stokes parameter produced)W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore11Intergrated:W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore12W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore13All consistent with null detection and with one another at 2

16、levelW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore14FIVE-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE(WMAP1)OBSERVATIONS:COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION,Komatsu et al.,arXiv:0803.0547v2 astro-ph 17 Oct 2008lThe power spectra of TB and EB correlations constrain a parity-violating interaction,which rotates the polari

17、zation angle and converts E to B.The polarization angle could not be rotated more than 5.9 2.4 (95%CL)between the decoupling and the present epoch.I.e.-30 73 mrad(2)W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore15W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore16lPSEUDO-SCALAR COSMOLOGY,e.g.,Brans-Dicke theory with pseud

18、oscalar-photon couplinglNEUTRINO NUMBER ASYMMETRYlBARYON ASYMMETRYlSOME other kind of CURRENTlLORENTZ INVARIANCE VIOLATIONlCPT VIOLATIONlDARK ENERGY(PSEUDO)SCALAR COUPLINGlOTHER MODELSW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore17W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore18W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore19W.

19、-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore20lNeutrino number asymmetry is function of electron-neutrino degeneracy parameter e with e=e(chemical potential)/Te l ecould be 0.001W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore21lPseudoscalar-photon interaction is proportional to the gradient of the pseudoscalar field.Fro

20、m phenomenological point of view,this gradient could be neutrino number asymmetry,other density current,or a constant vector.In these situations,Lorentz invariance or CPT may effectively be violated.lProbing neutrino number asymmetrylBetter accuracy in CMB polarization observation is expected from P

21、LANCK mission to be launched this year.A dedicated CMB polarization observer in the future would probe this fundamental issue more deeply.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore22Detectability of Primordial G-WavesW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore23Optimistic(upper dotted),fiducial(Model A,lower sol

22、id line)and pessimistic(lower dotted)extragalactic backgrounds plotted against the LISA(dashed)single-arm Michelson combination sensitivity curve.Theunresolved Galactic close WDWD spectrum from Nelemans et al.(2001c)is plotted(with signals from binaries resolved by LISA removed),as well as an extrap

23、olated total,in which resolved binaries are restored,as well as an approximation to the GalacticMSMS signal at low frequencies.Super-ASTRODRegionDECIGOBBO RegionW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore24 LISA consists of a fleet of 3 spacecraft 20 behind earth in solar orbit keeping a triangular configu

24、ration of nearly equal sides(5 106 km).Mapping the space-time outside super-massive black holes by measuring the capture of compact objects set the LISA requirement sensitivity between 10-2-10-3 Hz.To measure the properties of massive black hole binaries also requires good sensitivity down at least

25、to 10-4 Hz.(2017)W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore25SunInner OrbitEarth OrbitOuter OrbitLaunch Position.Earth L1 point S/C(700 days after launch)S/C 2S/C 1.11*3*32*22n 1n 3n U1L2-V3L1U3-V2U2-V1L3.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore26lWith the advance of laser technology and the development of sp

26、ace interferometry,one can envisage a 15 W(or more)compact laser power and 2-3 fold increase in pointing ability.lWith these developments,one can increase the distance from 2 AU for ASTROD to 10 AU(25 AU)and the spacecraft would be in orbits similar to Jupiters.Four spacecraft would be ideal for a d

27、edicated gravitational-wave mission(Super-ASTROD).W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore27lFor detection of primordial GWs in space.One may go to frequencies lower or higher than LISA/ASTROD bandwidth where there are potentially less foreground astrophysical sources to mask detection.lDECIGO and Big B

28、ang Observer look for gravitational waves in the higher range lSuper-ASTROD look for gravitational waves in the lower range.lSuper-ASTROD(ASTROD III):3-5 spacecraft with 5 AU orbits together with an Earth-Sun L1/L2 spacecraft and ground optical stations to probe primordial gravitational-waves with f

29、requencies 0.1 Hz-1 mHz and to map the outer solar system.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore28W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore29lThe minimum detectable intensity of a stochastic GW background is proportional to detector noise spectral power density S_n(f)times frequency to the third powerlwith

30、 the same strain sensitivity,lower frequency detectors have an f(-3)-advantage over the higher frequency detectors.lcompared to LISA,ASTROD has 27,000 times(303)better sensitivity due to this reason,while Super-ASTROD has an additional 125(53)times better sensitivity.W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singa

31、pore30W.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore31lPolarization as a tool to test cosmological models and to look into(gravitational)axion and possible dark energy pseudoscalar,CPT,Neutrino Asymmetry,etc.lPrimordial gravitational waves may possibly be detected by ASTROD/Super-ASTROD and DECIGO/Big Bang ObserverW.-T.Ni2008.11.29.PP-A-QFT Singapore32lThank you!