语法专题 动词时态 ppt课件-2024届高三英语一轮复习-2024年高考语文复习.pptx

1、动词时态动词时态一、动词的概念、分类及形式1.概念动词是用来描述主语的动作、行为或状态的词，用来说明主语是什么、处于什么状态或做什么，是句子不可缺少的部分。2.分类（1）按句法功能2.分类（2）按动作状态3.形式实义动词有五种形式：原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。（1）第三人称单数变化规则情况构成示例一般情况加-sgraduategraduatesworkworks employemploys以-s、-x、-sh、-ch、-o结尾加-esaccessaccesses relaxrelaxes finishfinishes catchcatches dodoes以辅音字母+y结尾

2、变y为i，再加-es applyapplies satisfysatisfies identifyidentifies（2）过去式、过去分词变化规则情况构成示例一般情况加-eddesigndesigneddesigned astonishastonishedastonished以不发音的e结尾加-ddecidedecideddecidedrecognizerecognizedrecognized以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i，再加-edstudystudiedstudiedidentifyidentifiedidentified以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾辅音字母后加-

3、edplanplannedplanned occuroccurredoccurredstopstoppedstoppedpermitpermittedpermitted以发/k/音的字母c结尾加-kedpanicpanickedpanickedpicnicpicnickedpicnicked说明：部分实义动词的过去式、过去分词形式并不遵循变化规则，详见附录“常见不规则动词变化表”。情况构成示例一般情况加-ingcovercovering wantwantingthinkthinking以不发音的e结尾去e加-ingacheaching useusing continuecontinuing以-

4、oe、-ee、-ye结尾加-ingagreeagreeing canoecanoeing dyedyeing少数以-ie结尾变ie为y，再加-ing diedying tietying lielying以-ic结尾加-kingpicnicpicnicking panicpanicking以重读闭音节结尾，且词尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾辅音字母后加-ingadmitadmitting beginbeginning preferpreferring（3）现在分词变化规则二、时态在英语中，时态表示一个动作在某一时间所处的状态。英语时态中的时间有4种（现在、过去、将来、过去将来），状态有4种（一般、进

5、行、完成、完成进行）。将4种时间和4种状态进行排列组合，就构成了16种不同的动词时态（高中阶段和高考要求掌握10种时态）。时间状态一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时do/does现在进行时am/is/are doing现在完成时have/has done现在完成进行时have/has been doing过去一般过去时did过去进行时was/were doing过去完成时had done过去完成进行时had been doing将来一般将来时will/shall do将来进行时will/shall be doing将来完成时will/shall have done将来完成进行时will/sha

6、ll have been doing过去将来过去将来时would/should do过去将来进行时would/should be doing过去将来完成时would/should have done过去将来完成进行时would/should have been doing（1）构成：动词原形/动词的第三人称单数形式(do/does)或be动词(am/is/are)（2）基本用法1.一般现在时用法示例表示经常性、习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态I leave home for school at 7:00 every morning.我每天早上七点从家出发去学校。She always takes a

7、 walk in the evening.她总是在晚间散步。表示主语现在的身份、特征、状态、能力、性格等We are very busy these days.这些天我们很忙。The dangerous situation calls for a calm head.危险的形势需要冷静的头脑。表示客观事实、普遍真理或格言Light travels faster than sound.光比声音传播得快。Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。用于新闻标题、历史简介、小说章节标题或小说、电影、戏剧情节介绍、图片说明等Bank Robbery:Robbers take$

8、10,000银行劫案:匪徒抢走一万美金(新闻标题)The Queen arrives for the opening ceremony.女王到来主持开幕式。(照片说明)温馨提示常与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：频度副词：never从不、seldom很少、sometimes有时、often经常、usually通常、always总是;其他时间状语：once in a while偶尔、once a week一周一次、twice a month每月两次、from time to time时不时、at weekends在周末、every day/week/month/year每天/周/月/年等。用法示例表

9、示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态(常用于以here、there等开头的倒装句)Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。There goes the bell.铃响了。表示将来用于时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句,代替一般将来时When I grow up,I will be a nurse and look after patients.我长大后要当一名护士,照顾病人。按时间表、计划或安排将要发生的动作(一般不会轻易改变)The train arrives at 10:30.火车十点半到达。温馨提示常用一般现在时表将来的动词有come、go、arrive、leave、beg

10、in、start、return等。（3）特殊用法1.一般现在时2.一般过去时(1)构成：动词的过去式(did)或be动词(was/were)(2)基本用法用法示例表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态I left my bedroom door open and my dog chewed my shoes.我把卧室的门开着,我的狗咬坏了我的鞋子。表示过去一段时间内经常、反复发生的动作或存在的状态(常与频度副词连用)When I was a child,I often played football in the street.当我小的时候,我经常在街上踢足球。Wherever he trav

11、eled in those years,he wrote down what he saw and heard.那些年里,他每到一个地方旅行,总会把所见所闻记下来。2.一般过去时(1)构成：动词的过去式(did)或be动词(was/were)(2)基本用法用法示例用于时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句,代替过去将来时Alina said she would come if I promised to wait for her.阿丽娜说如果我答应等她,她就会来。I didnt go to the party that evening as I started off on the jour

12、ney at dawn.那天晚上我没有去参加聚会,因为我黎明时要出发去旅行。温馨提示常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:具体时间词:yesterday昨天、yesterday morning/afternoon/evening昨天早上/下午/晚上、once曾经等;其他时间状语:last night/year昨晚/去年、a few days ago几天前、the other day几天前、at that time当时、at that moment在那一刻、just now刚刚、in 2005在2005年、in the old days在过去的岁月里等。3.一般将来时和过去将来时(1)构成和用法 一般

13、将来时过去将来时构成will/shall+动词原形(shall用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称)would/should+动词原形用法表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态(立足现在),常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow、soon、in the future、next week/month/year等表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句或间接引语(立足过去)示例When I was a child,I thought I would know the answers to everything,but now I understand that the fu

14、ture life wont have a standard answer.当我还是个孩子的时候,我觉得我会知道所有问题的答案,但现在我明白,未来的生活并没有标准答案。(would know立足过去,wont have立足现在)形式意义示例be going to+动词原形决定、打算要做(事先思考过或计划好,主观色彩较强)They are going to hold a meeting to discuss our research project.他们打算开个会来讨论我们的研究计划。I was going to buy a car then.我当时正打算买一部车。有迹象表明将要发生的事(有趋势

15、)It looks as if the weather is going to turn bad.看起来天气好像要变糟了。be about to+动词原形马上或眼下就要发生,不与表示具体时间的状语连用(说话时就是时间状语)Sit down please,everyone.The film is about to start.大家请坐下,电影马上开始。He was about to say something more,and then checked himself.他还想说几句,却又止住了。3.一般将来时和过去将来时(2)表示将来意义的其他方式3.一般将来时和过去将来时(2)表示将来意义的其

16、他方式形式意义示例be to+动词原形表示主观的计划、安排、约定、意图 When is the opening ceremony to be?开幕式什么时候举行?表示应该、命令、禁止、义务或可能性(有感情色彩,相当于情态动词)What am I to tell her when she finds out?要是她发现了,我将怎样对她说呢?The magazines are not to be taken out of the reading room.杂志不准带出阅览室。As a soldier,he was to do whatever he was ordered to do.作为军人,他

17、必须执行命令。用于if引导的条件状语从句,表示意图、打算,意为“如果想”,相当于want to或shouldStronger measures are needed to protect the environment if mankind is to survive.如果人类要继续生存下去,就需要采取更强有力的措施来保护环境。形式意义示例进行时表将来与表示位置转移的动词(come、go、leave、arrive、return、begin等)连用,表示已计划或安排好的事We are leaving early tomorrow morning.我们明天一早就出发。We were told th

18、at the plane was taking off in ten minutes.我们被告知飞机十分钟后就要起飞了。3.一般将来时和过去将来时(2)表示将来意义的其他方式4.现在进行时和过去进行时(1)构成及基本用法 现在进行时过去进行时构成am/is/are doingwas/were doing图示基本用法表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态,但说话时动作不一定在进行表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在发生的动作或存在的状态 现在进行时过去进行时标志词now、just now、at present、at the moment、these days、lo

19、ok、listen等then、at that time、the whole morning、this time yesterday、last night等示例Im waiting to have a word with you.我在等着和你说句话。He is generally going to bed at 11:00 these days.他这些日子通常11点睡觉。We were discussing the plan this time yesterday.昨天这时候我们正在讨论这个计划。We were expecting you yesterday.我们昨天一直在等你。4.现在进行时和

20、过去进行时(1)构成及基本用法用法示例表达感情色彩:与always、constantly、frequent-ly、forever等副词连用,表示重复的动作使人感到不满、厌倦或觉得不合情理,有时也可表示赞赏、满意She is constantly disturbing me in class.她在课上不停地打扰我。(厌烦)Maria is always thinking of others.玛丽亚总为别人着想。(赞美)He was forever complaining.他总是抱怨。(不满)表示将来:一些非延续性动词(come、go、leave、arrive、die、start、stop等)可以

21、用进行时态表示按照计划动作即将发生Hurry up!The train is arriving soon.快点儿!火车很快就要到了。They wanted to know when we were leaving for Bei-jing.他们想知道我们什么时候动身去北京。4.现在进行时和过去进行时(2)特殊用法用法示例表示变化过程:begin、start、become、grow、get、lose等的进行时态可以表示从一种状态逐渐变化到另一种状态It is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和了。After waiting for half an hour s

22、he was beginning to get angry.等了半个小时之后她开始生气了。4.现在进行时和过去进行时(2)特殊用法温馨提示有些动词(短语)通常不用于进行时态。感官动词:see、hear、feel、smell、sound、taste、notice等;表示情感、想法的动词:love、like、hate、understand、believe、think(认为)、mind、agree等;表示状态的动词(短语):have、want、own、possess、seem、belong to等;非延续性动词:accept、allow、decide、give、receive、promise等。5.

23、将来进行时(1)构成:will/shall be doing(2)用法:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态,或按计划、安排将要发生的事情。常用的时间状语有soon、then、in two days、this time tomorrow、tomorrow morning、at 9:00 next Monday、from 10:00 to 11:00 tomorrow、the day after tomorrow等。I will be waiting for you at the school gate then.届时我将在学校大门口等你。This time tomorrow well b

24、e sitting in the cinema and watching a film.明天这个时候我们将坐在电影院里看电影。6.现在完成时(1)构成:have/has+过去分词(done)(2)用法用法示例表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态持续到现在并有可能持续下去He has worked here for over 20 years.他在这里工作已有二十多年了。Bows and arrows have long since been out of use.弓和箭很久以前就不使用了。表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响China has become the first country to l

25、and a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.中国已成为首个航天器在月球背面着陆的国家。用在固定句型This/That/It is the first/second/.time+that从句It is the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.这是这个男孩第一次同外国人说话。用法示例用在固定句型It is/has been+时间段+since从句It is/has been two years and a half since we began to study in this sch

26、ool.自我们开始在这所学校学习已经有两年半了。6.现在完成时(1)构成:have/has+过去分词(done)(2)用法温馨提示 常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有already、yet、ever、before、lately、recently、up to now、so far、since+过去的时间点/从句、for+时间段、during/in the past/last+时间段等。在现在完成时的肯定句中,与表示一段时间的状语连用时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词;非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,若要连用,须将非延续性动词替换成相应的延续性动词。Harry has got married fo

27、r six years.Harry got married six years ago.哈里六年前结的婚。Harry has been married for six years.哈里结婚已经六年了。7.过去完成时(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)(2)用法用法示例表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,强调“过去的过去”By the end of yesterday,we had received over 1,000letters from all over the world.到昨天为止,我们已经收到了来自世界各地的一千多封信。表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到过去另一

28、个时间的动作或状态,并有可能持续下去It had rained for five hours by 11:00.到11点,已下了五个小时的雨。He had been ill for a week when he was sent to the hospital.当他被送到医院时,他已经病了一个星期了。用法示例表示过去原本想做但事实上并未完成的事(expect、hope、intend、mean、plan、suppose、think、want等)We had meant to tell her the news but we found that she wasnt in.我们本打算把这个消息告诉

29、她,但是我们发现她不在家。用在固定句型had hardly done.when.和had no sooner done.than.,意为“一就”His sister had hardly heard the terrible news when she burst into tears.他妹妹一听到这个噩耗就放声大哭起来。We had no sooner sat down at the table than the phone rang.我们刚在桌子旁坐下,电话铃就响了。7.过去完成时(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)(2)用法用法示例用在固定句型This/That/It was the

30、 first/second/.time+that从句It was the first time that we had found common ground.那是我们头一回达成共识。用在固定句型It was+时间段+since从句It was ten years since he had left Beijing.他离开北京已经十年了。温馨提示常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有by+过去时间点、by the end of+过去时间点、before+过去时间点/从句、when+表示过去时间的从句等。7.过去完成时(1)构成:had+过去分词(done)(2)用法8.现在完成进行时(1)构成:have/has been doing(2)用法:表示从过去某时开始的动作一直持续到现在,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能仍在继续,强调动作的持续过程。It has been raining heavily all day.大雨下了一整天了。You are out of breath.Have you been running?你气喘吁吁的,你刚刚一直在跑步吗?