第五讲英国浪漫主义时期文学(华兹华斯拜伦)教学课件.ppt（97页）

1、Teaching Arrangement:I.Historical Background II.Romanticism III.A.poets 1.Escapist romanticists/Lake Poets(湖畔派湖畔派诗人诗人)(William Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Robert Southey)2.active romanticists/demonic group/Satanic school(撒旦派撒旦派)(George Gordon Byron,Percy Bysshe Shelley,John Keats)B.essayists

2、(Charles Lamb,William Hazlitt,Thomas De Quincey)C.novelist (Walter Scott)(1)Industrial Revolution transformed Britain from agricultural to industrial country,responsible for the change in the pattern of social life and the worsening of social contradictions;(2)American revolution in 1775 the Declara

3、tion of Independence,written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776,with its emphasis on individual rights;(3)The French revolution in 1789 introduced the democratic ideals:liberty,equality and fraternity for everybody;I.Historical BackgroundRousseau:glorify human nature;claim for social democracyResponse in B

4、ritain Thomas Paine:“The Right of Man”-fight against tyrannythe storming of Bastille(4)the abolition of slavery in the British colonies;(5)the introduction of system of national education;(6)the Factory Acts工厂法案工厂法案 by which the employment of children under nine was forbidden by the law.(7)Lyrical B

5、allads,抒情歌谣集抒情歌谣集 a collection of poem by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge,published in 1798,which marked the start of Romanticism as a literary trend.1.definitionEnglish Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth&Coleridges Lyrical Ballads a

6、nd to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death and the passage of the first Reform Bill改革法案改革法案 in the Parliament.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason.The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great inf

7、luence on English Romanticism.II.English Romanticism Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny,economic exploitation and any form of oppression,feudal or bourgeois.In the realm of literature,they revolt aga

8、inst reason,rules,regulation,objectivity,common senses,etc.and emphasize the value of feelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.2.The features of the Romantic writings:1)Dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.2)Their writings filled with strong-will

9、ed heroes or even titanic images,formidable events and tragic situations,powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.3)pay attention to spiritual and emotional life of man.Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.4)interest in the past,the unusual,the unfamiliar,the bizarre 5)strong

10、 desire to escape from the reality.6)concerned much about the influence of nature.7)Their writings free from any rules,they fight against the tenure of new classicism:order,harmony,balance,reason.They ask for the freedom of expression.8)A feeling of loneliness&a note of melancholy 8)The glorificatio

11、n of the commonplace-the aim of good poetry is“to choose incidents and situations from common life”and to use a“selection of language really spoken by men”,and to awaken in the reader“freshness of sensation”in the presentation of“familiar objects”.9)characterized by 5“I”s:Imagination,Intuition,Ideal

12、ism,Inspiration,Individuality.1.The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less_ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions.A.positive B.negative C.neutral D.indifferent Answer:B 2.For the Romantics,_is not only the major source of poetic imagery,but also provides the dominant subje

13、ct matter.A.love B.man C.nature D.death Answer:C 3.In the Romantic period,_is the most prosperous literary form.A.prose B.poetry C.fiction D.play Answer:B 4.Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated from _.A.1660-1798 B.1798-1832 C.1483-1546 D.1836-1901 Answer:B William Blake 威廉威廉布

14、莱克布莱克 Little school education,widely read an engraver Married Catherine Boucher,a worthy wife Died in 1827 A Grain of SandTo see a world in a grain of sand,And a heaven in a wild flower,Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,And eternity in an hour.一花一世界一花一世界 一沙一天国，一沙一天国，君掌盛无边，君掌盛无边，刹那含永劫。刹那含永劫。宗白华佛

15、曰：一花一世界，一草一天堂，一叶一如来，一砂一极乐，一方一净土，一笑一尘缘，一念一清静 SpringSound the Flute!Now its mute.Birds delight Day and Night.Nightingale In the dale,Lark in Sky Merrily Merrily Merrily to welcome in the Year.Little Boy Full of joy.Little Girl Sweet and small.Cock does crow,So do you.Merry voice,Infant noise,Merrily M

16、errily to welcome in the Year.Little Lamb,Here I am,Come and lick My white neck.Let me pull Your soft Wool.Let me kiss Your soft face.Merrily Merrily we welcome in the Year.3.Two schools of Romanticism A.escapist romanticists,“the Lake Poets”湖畔派湖畔派,represented by William Wordsworth华兹华斯华兹华斯,Samuel Ta

17、ylor Coleridge柯勒律治柯勒律治 and Robert Southey骚塞骚塞.B.active romanticists,“the Satanic school”撒旦派撒旦派,with Byron拜伦拜伦,Shelly雪莱雪莱 and Keats济慈济慈 as representatives 湖畔派湖畔派Lake Poets 1819世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米

18、尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有所以有“湖畔派诗人湖畔派诗人”之称。之称。在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露；在诗体方强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露；在诗体方面，主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统，采用民间口语，面，主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统，采用民间口语，发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。但是他

19、们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化了很大作用。但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义；把秘主义；把“听天由命听天由命”看成是人的看成是人的“天性的永恒天性的永恒部分部分”；拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。；拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与

20、寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日找精神的安慰与寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O O九年完成的讽九年完成的讽刺长诗刺长诗英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家中，不仅回中，不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物爱丁堡评论爱丁堡评论对对拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，因而

21、被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔恶魔)，所以文学史，所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派撒旦派”。一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。Lake poets Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey were known as

22、 Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798,while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned cons

23、ervative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Where is the Lake District?The Lake District is right here!LondonThe Lake District William Wordsworth威廉威廉华兹华斯华兹华斯(1770-1850)British poet,who spent his life in the Lake District of Northern Engl

24、and.William Wordsworth started with Samuel Taylor Coleridge the English Romantic movement with their collection LYRICAL BALLADS in 1798.When many poets still wrote about ancient heroes in grandiloquent style,Wordsworth focused on the nature,children,the poor,common people,in his poem,he aimed at sim

25、plicity and purity of the language,so he used ordinary words to express his personal feelings.His definition of poetry as the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings arising from emotion recollected in tranquility was shared by a number of his followers.Poet Laureate 1843 Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌抒情歌谣集谣

26、集followed by“The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads”served as the manifesto（宣言）（宣言）of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.major works:Lyrical Ballads(1798)抒情歌谣集抒情歌谣集“All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings that takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”诗是强烈情感

27、的自然流露；诗源于在平静中积累的情感。“endeavored to bring language near to the real language of man”.His Understanding of Poetry The objects which excited these emotions were to be ordinary ones.The style selected for the new poetry was also to be simple.A poet should give pleasure and reveal universal truth.Poetry i

28、s“the most philosophic of all writing”famous short poems：About nature:“I wondered Lonely as a Cloud”“独自漫游似浮云独自漫游似浮云”，or“The Daffodils”“咏水仙咏水仙”“Intimation of Immortality”“不朽颂不朽颂”“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”“丁登寺丁登寺”;“To the Cuckoo”“致布谷鸟致布谷鸟”;“My Heart Leaps up When I Behold”“我心雀跃我心

29、雀跃”;“To a Butterfly”“致蝴蝶致蝴蝶”“An Evening Walk”“黄昏漫步黄昏漫步”About human life:-sympathy for the poor Lucy Poems 露西组诗露西组诗“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者孤独的收割者”“The Old Cumberland Beggar”“康伯兰的老乞丐康伯兰的老乞丐”“Michael”“迈克尔迈克尔”“We are Seven”“我们七个我们七个”I Wandered Lonely as a CloudDaffodilsI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud I

30、 wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游，像一朵云 That floats on high oer vales and hills,在山丘和谷地上飘荡，When all at once I saw a crowd,忽然间我看见一群 A host,of golden daffodils;金色的水仙花迎春开放，Beside the lake,beneath the trees,在树荫下，在湖水边，Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.迎着微风起舞翩翩。Continuous as the stars that shine 连绵不绝，如繁

31、星灿烂，And twinkle on the milky way,在银河里闪闪发光，They stretched in never-ending line 它们沿着湖湾的边缘 Along the margin of a bay:延伸成无穷无尽的一行；Ten thousand saw I at a glance,我一眼看见了一万朵，Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.在欢舞之中起伏颠簸。The waves beside them danced,but they 粼粼波光也在跳着舞，Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:水

32、仙的欢欣却胜过水波；A poet could not but be gay,与这样快活的伴侣为伍，In such a jocund company:诗人怎能不满心欢乐！I gazed-and gazed-but little thought 我久久凝望，却想象不到 What wealth the show to me had brought:这奇景赋予我多少财宝，For oft,when on my couch I lie 每当我躺在床上不眠，In vacant or in pensive mood,或心神空茫，或默默沉思，They flash upon that inward eye 它们常

33、在心灵中闪现，Which is the bliss of solitude;那是孤独之中的福祉；And then my heart with pleasure fills,于是我的心便涨满幸福，And dances with the daffodils.和水仙一同翩翩起舞。1.4“I wondered Lonely as a Cloud”我好似一朵孤独的流云，我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看到一大片鲜花，突然我看到一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放。是金色的水仙遍地开放。它们开在湖畔，开在树下它们开在湖畔，开在树下它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡它们随风嬉舞，随风

34、飘荡它们密集如银河的星星，它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹；像群星在闪烁一片晶莹；它们沿着海湾向前伸展，它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；一眼看去就有千朵万朵，一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。万花摇首舞得多么高兴。粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃；又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃；我久久凝视我久久凝视-却未领悟却未领悟 这景象所给予我的精神至宝。这景象所给予我的精神至宝。后来多少次我郁郁独卧，后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；感

35、到百无聊赖心灵空漠；这景象便在脑海中闪现，这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞多少次安慰过我的寂寞我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。我的心又重新充满了欢乐。我好似一朵流云独自漫游我好似一朵流云独自漫游赏析赏析 我好似一朵流云独自漫游是华兹华斯抒情诗的代表作之一，写于1804年。据说此诗是根据诗人兄妹俩一起外出游玩时深深地被大自然的妩媚所吸引这一经历写成的，体现了诗人关于诗歌应描写“平静中回忆起来的情感”（emotion recollected in tranquility）这一诗学主张。全诗可以分成两大部分：写景和抒情。诗的开篇以第一人称叙述，格调显

36、得低沉忧郁。诗人一方面竭力捕捉回忆的渺茫信息，另一方面又觉得独自飘游，可以自由自在地欣赏大自然所赋予的美景。他把自己比作一朵流云，随意飘荡，富有想象的诗句暗示诗人有一种排遣孤独、向往自由的心情。在他的回忆中，水仙花缤纷茂密，如繁星点点在微风中轻盈飘舞。诗中的“舞”意象鲜明，几乎贯穿了整个诗篇：第一节出现了水仙花翩翩起舞的情景；第二节写出了水仙花的繁多；第三节中粼粼波光与水仙齐舞，交相辉映，共同绘制成一幅赏心悦目的情景。诗人力图在一种迷离、恍惚和模糊的瞬间感受中去领悟人生的真谛。记忆中那一望无际的、连绵不断的金黄色水仙花在湖边迎风舞蹈的姿态仿佛有一种精神力量令人振奋，给他孤独的心灵带来了欢乐：“

37、水仙花在我的心灵闪现，使我在幽独中感到欣然”。在诗人的笔下，大自然的美景具有治愈人们心灵创伤的能力。华兹华斯正是凭着这样一种艺术的直觉，将自然美与人类之间的联系揭示得淋漓尽致。Analysis of“I wondered Lonely as a Cloud”:A.the first and the second stanza-a vivid picture of a host of golden daffodils dancing happily in the breeze B.the third stanza-the happiness brought to the poets soul b

38、y the dancing daffodils C.the last stanza-the happiness brought by the daffodils lasts forever in the poets memory.Analysis I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”is a poem about nature.With his pure and poetic language,Wordsworth brings us into a beautiful world where there are daffodils,trees and breeze.We

39、follow the poet at every turn of his feelings.We share his melancholy when he“wandered lonely as a cloud”and his delight the moment his heart“with pleasure fills”.We come to realize the great power of nature that may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem.The poem consists of four 6-lined

40、 stanzas of iambic tetrameter（四步抑扬格）with a rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.宋代黄庭坚逗留荆州时，有诗曰：“借水开花自一奇，借水开花自一奇，水沉为骨玉为肌。水沉为骨玉为肌。暗香已压酥糜倒，暗香已压酥糜倒，只比寒梅无好枝。只比寒梅无好枝。”孤独的割麦女孤独的割麦女 看，一个孤独的高原姑娘，看，一个孤独的高原姑娘，在远远的田野间收割，在远远的田野间收割，一边割一边独自歌唱，一边割一边独自歌唱，请你站住。或者俏悄走过！请你站住。或者俏悄走过！她独自把麦子割了又捆，她独自把麦子割了又捆，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，唱出无限悲

41、凉的歌声，屏息听吧！深广的谷地屏息听吧！深广的谷地 已被歌声涨满而漫溢！已被歌声涨满而漫溢！还从未有过夜莺百啭，还从未有过夜莺百啭，唱出过如此迷人的歌，唱出过如此迷人的歌，在沙漠中的绿荫间在沙漠中的绿荫间 抚慰过疲惫的旅客；抚慰过疲惫的旅客；还从未有过杜鹃迎春，还从未有过杜鹃迎春，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，在遥远的赫布利底群岛在遥远的赫布利底群岛 打破过大海的寂寥。打破过大海的寂寥。她唱什么，谁能告诉我？她唱什么，谁能告诉我？忧伤的音符不断流涌，忧伤的音符不断流涌，是把遥远的不幸诉说？是把遥远的不幸诉说？是把古代的战争吟咏？是把古代的战争吟咏？也许她的歌比较卑谦，也许她的歌比

42、较卑谦，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛 昨天经受过，明天又将重逢？昨天经受过，明天又将重逢？姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，她的歌如流水永无尽头；她的歌如流水永无尽头；只见她一边唱一边干活，只见她一边唱一边干活，弯腰挥镰，操劳不休弯腰挥镰，操劳不休 我凝神不动，听她歌唱，我凝神不动，听她歌唱，然后，当我登上了山岗，然后，当我登上了山岗，尽管歌声早已不能听到，尽管歌声早已不能听到，它却仍在我心头缭绕。它却仍在我心头缭绕。Lucy Poems-“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”她住在人迹罕至的地

43、方 她住在人迹罕至的地方她住在人迹罕至的地方,圣洁的小溪在身边流淌圣洁的小溪在身边流淌,没有谁把这少女赞颂没有谁把这少女赞颂,少有人为她挂肚牵肠。少有人为她挂肚牵肠。她是紫罗兰身影半露她是紫罗兰身影半露,生苔的墓碑将她遮挡生苔的墓碑将她遮挡;美丽如一颗孤星美丽如一颗孤星,在夜空里闪闪发亮。在夜空里闪闪发亮。没有谁了解她曾活在世上没有谁了解她曾活在世上,少有人知道她何时夭亡少有人知道她何时夭亡;躺在墓中的露西啊躺在墓中的露西啊,唯有我与别人都不一样。唯有我与别人都不一样。George Gordon Byron(1788 1824)George Gordon,Lord Byron(1778-182

44、4)作者简介作者简介 乔治戈登拜伦(George Gordon Byron,1788-1824)生于伦敦一个破落贵族家庭，自幼有残疾，生性敏感，10岁时继承爵位，曾就读于剑桥大学三一学院，成年后为上议院的议员。拜伦在学生时代开始写诗，读书期间出版了诗集闲散的时刻(Hours of Idleness,1807)，遭到爱丁堡评论(Edinburgh Review)杂志的攻击，他以英国诗人与英格兰评论家(English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,1809）一诗进行回击，引起轰动。1809年，他取得上议院议员资格，随后到欧洲进行了为期两年的游历，遍访西班牙、希腊等国。181

45、2年，拜伦发表了欧洲游历期间创作的恰尔德哈罗德游记(Childe Herolds Pilgrimage)的前两章，一举成名。随后他又相继写出叙事诗异教徒（The Giaour,1813）、阿比多斯的新娘(The Bride of Abydos,1813)、柯林斯之围(The Siege of Corinth,1816)等。1816年，拜伦因其离婚事件不为伦敦社会所容，愤然出走，离开了英国，再也没有回来。他先在瑞士逗留，结识了雪莱，后到意大利定居，此间创作了一系列剧作，如曼弗雷德(Manfred,1817)和该隐(Cain,1821)等，并开始创作其代表作唐璜(Don Juan,1818-182

46、3)。1823年7月，拜伦前往希腊，支援希腊人民反抗土耳其统治的斗争，次年病逝于营地。Life and Careerl Born into an ancient aristocratic family l Inherited the title of a baron（男爵）and a large estate at the age of tenl Though he was born lame,he was good at sports,especially at swimming.l Educated first at Harrow and then Cambridge l Took his

47、 seat in the House of Lords He moved to Italy,where he finished Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德恰尔德哈罗德游记哈罗德游记and wrote his masterpiece Don Juan唐璜唐璜.Upon hearing the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks,Byron plunged himself into the struggle.The Greeks made him commander in chief(总司令总司令)of their

48、forces in 1824.Due to months hard work under bad weather,he fell ill and died.April 19,1824,Byron died with“Forward!Forward!Follow me!”The Greek people mourned over his premature death.Byron was regarded as the“satanic poet”by the English government when he died.It was not until 1969 that a white ma

49、rble memorial to Byron was erected in Westminster Abbey.Nowadays his name is put in the Poets Corner.Byrons influence on the world For a long time,there existed two controversial opinions on Byron.He was regarded in England as the perverted（堕落）man,the satanic poet;while on the Continent,he was haile

50、d as the champion of liberty,poet of the people.Byrons poetry has great influence on the literature of the whole world.Across Europe,patriots&painters&musicians are all inspired by him.Poets&novelists are profoundly influenced by his works.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundanc