1、1/8 一、句子成分 构成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。 句子成分包括主语、 谓语、 表语、 宾语、 宾补、定语和状语等。 观察例句 观察黑体部分在句中所作的成分 1The early bird catches the worm.定语,谓语 2They are birds of a feather.定语 3I heard the birds singing.宾语补足语 4She bought the bird a cage.宾语 5This is a picture.表语 6The manager asked the college student to come in.主语 7Light tr
2、avels most quickly.状语 归纳用法 1主语(subject) 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体、动作的发出者,一般位于句首。主语可由名 词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等构成。 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 在河里游泳是件快乐的事。 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 我们将什么时候进行英语测试仍然没决定。 2表语(predicative) 表语说明主语的身份、 特征和状态, 在系动词(be, become, ge
3、t, look, grow, turn,seem 等)之后。表语由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名 词、介词短语及表语从句构成。 His job is to teach English. 他的工作就是教英语。 The truth is that he has never been abroad. 事实就是他从来都没出过国。 2/8 3宾语(object) 宾语是动作的施加对象或承受者,在及物动词后,或“不及物动词相应介 词”后。宾语由名词性的词充当。宾语按词性分为:动词宾语和介词宾语,分别 构成动宾结构和介宾结构。 I think (that) he is fit for his
4、office. 我认为他适合做办公室工作。 有些动词后边需要跟双宾语,指人的是间接宾语;指物的是直接宾语。 Lend me your dictionary,please. 请把你的词典借给我(用一下)。 4宾语补足语(object complement) 有些及物动词,除有宾语以外,还需有一个宾语补足语,才能使句子的意义 完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句来充当。 Do you consider him trust- worthy? 你认为他可靠吗? We found everything in the lab in good order. 我们发现实验室的一切井然
5、有序。 5定语(attribute) 修饰名词、代词的词称为定语。可由单词、短语、从句充当。定语有形容词 的特征。 Guilin is a beautiful city. 桂林是个美丽的城市。 He is reading an article about how to learn English. 他在读一篇怎样学好英语的论文。 6状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫 作状语。状语种类有:时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、地点状语、方式状语、 伴随状语、目的状语、结果状语、让步状语、比较状语。 He has lived in the cit
6、y for ten years. 他已经在这个城市住了 10 年了。 Once you begin,you must continue. 一旦开始了,你必须继续下去。 3/8 即学即练 1 分析下列句子成分 1. I apologized to her for stepping on her foot . 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 2.The meeting held yesterday was important . 主语 定语 系动词 表语 3.Dont forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning . 谓语 宾语 状语 4.We saw them
7、 playing football on the playground . 主语 谓语 宾语 宾补 状语 5.Every day he is forced to work from morning till night . 状语 主语 谓语 主补 二、基本句子结构 按照结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语(或 并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子叫作简单句。简单句有 7 种基本句型: 1主谓(SV) 观察例句 The rain stopped. 雨停了。 The moon rose. 月亮升起来了。 归纳用法 句型特点:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面
8、不需接宾 语。 2主谓状(SVA) 观察例句 The time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。 4/8 The old man walks in the park every morning. 那个老人每天早上在公园里散步。 归纳用法 句型特点:谓语动词是不及物动词,副词、介词短语等作状语。 3主谓宾(SVO) 观察例句 We are learning English. 我们正在学习英语。 I dont know how to get there. 我不知道怎么去那儿。 归纳用法 句型特点:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,其后必须要接一个 宾语,即动作的承受者。作宾语的
9、可以是:名词、代词、动词不定式、疑问词 动词不定式、动词ing 形式和从句。 4主谓宾状(SVOA) 观察例句 I like to stay at home on Sundays. 星期天我喜欢待在家里。 We planted many trees in our hometown. 我们在家乡种了许多树。 归纳用法 句型特点:谓语动词是及物动词,其后接宾语。副词、介词短语等作状语。 5主谓双宾语(SVIODO) 观察例句 Her mother bought her a skirt. 她妈妈给她买了一条裙子。 Mr.Li told us an interesting story. 李先生给我们讲
10、了一个非常有趣的故事。 归纳用法 句型特点: 谓语动词后接有两个宾语, 这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者, 其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时, 5/8 其前通常需要加介词 for 或 to。 名师点津 常跟双宾语的动词:需借助于 to 的动词:bring,give,lend,hand,offer, pass,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write 等; 需借助于 for 的动词:buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make, order,sing,save,spare 等。 6主谓
11、宾宾补(SVOC) 观察例句 The news made us very sad. 那个消息令我们非常难过。 The teacher asked us to answer the question. 老师让我们回答那个问题。 My mother asked me to clean my room. 妈妈让我打扫我的房间。 归纳用法 句型特点:谓语动词后虽然已接有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须再加上 另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有名 词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。 名师点津 用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面以使句子结构
12、平 衡,是英语常用的结构。即:“主语谓语it宾补真正宾语”。it 作形式 宾语,通常和下列动词连用:consider,think,make,find,believe,feel,guess, imagine,judge,prove,see,suppose,take 等。 7主系表(SVP) 观察例句 My sister is a nurse. 我姐姐是个护士。 I feel quite hungry. 我感觉很饿。 Leaves turn yellow. 树叶变黄了。 6/8 归纳用法 句型特点:动词不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语的身份、 特征、类属、状态等的表语。系动词除了 be
13、 动词之外,还有:表示感官的动 词:feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound 等;表示状态延续的动词:remain, stay,keep,continue 等;表示转变、变化的动词:become,get,turn,go,run, fall,come,grow 等。 即学即练 2 指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型 1I will spend the summer holidays in the countryside. SVOA 2All this will be interesting and good. SVP 3In the countryside I can en
14、joy a comfortable and quiet life. SVOA 4I can hear birds singing in the green trees. SVOC 5The best fish swim near the bottom. SVA 6My father bought me a new bicycle. SVIODO 7The whole class laughed. SV .用所给的单词连成句子 1have,yellow,the,turned,leaves The leaves have turned yellow. 2him,all,considered,hon
15、est,us,of All of us considered him honest. 3the,would,me,you,dictionary,pass,please Would you please pass me the dictionary? 4successfully,have,they,plan,the,out,carried They have carried out the plan successfully. 5sun,east,the,in,rises,the,red The red sun rises in the east. 6look,things,the,after,
16、boys,their,must The boys must look after their things. 7begins,eight,the,English,at,class,oclock The English class begins at eight oclock. 8man,the,too,motorbike,the,on,travelling,fast,was 7/8 The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. 9school,her,boy,of,to,he,take,out,asked,the, He asked her
17、 to take the boy out of school. 10very,old,was,tired,man,the,feeling The old man was feeling very tired. .用给出的句型翻译下列句子 1我每天起得很早。(SVA) Every day I get up early. 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。(SVOA) I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。(SVIODO) Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 4我要你把真
18、相告诉我。(SVOC) I want you to tell me the truth. 5这个报告听起来很有意思。(SVP) The report sounds interesting. 6汤姆已经离开了。(SV) Tom has left. 7我们完成了作业。(SVO) We have finished our homework. 8学生们走出了教室,又唱又跳。(SVA) The students walked out of the classroom,singing and dancing. 9他在英语上快速的进步使我们很惊讶。(SVOC) His rapid progress in E
19、nglish made us surprised. 10他的计划是在这个城市找到一份工作。(SVP) His plan is to find a job in the city. .短文语法填空 Easy Ways to Build Vocabulary Its not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, its 1._ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enough r
20、oom for improvement,2._ means youll just keep getting better and better.Of course you have to work at it. You wouldnt think that a few 3._ 8/8 (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough 4._ the rest of your life, and thats also true for building your vocabularyyou have to keep at it daily, an
21、d pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary. One of the 5._(effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books. You need to 6._(real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic. This isnt as hard as it 7._(sound), and it is far better than any other method bec
22、ause you improve your vocabulary while 8._(read) an interesting piece of literature. Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and 9._(they) use unconsciously,meaning that you will tend to use the words 10._(learn) this way in conversations almost automatically. 【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。介绍了提高词汇量的方法
23、。 1an 考查冠词。此处所填单词修饰名词 process,是抽象名词的具体化 的用法,意为“一个持续的过程”,ongoing 以元音音素开头,故用 an。 2which 考查非限制性定语从句。此处所缺单词引导非限制性定语从句, 修饰前面的句子,因此用 which。 3months 考查名词。此处所填单词由 a few 修饰,因此要用名词复数。 4for 考查介词。此处所填单词表示一段时间,因此用 for。 5effective 考查词性转换。此处所填单词作定语修饰后面的名词,因此 要用形容词形式。 6really 考查词性转换。此处所填单词作状语,修饰动词 read,因此要 用副词形式。 7sounds 考查动词时态。此处所填单词作状语从句的谓语动词,其主语 是 it,因此,用动词的第三人称单数形式。 8reading 考查非谓语动词。此处为状语从句的省略,补充完整为:while you are reading an interesting piece of literature,故填 reading。 9their 考查代词。此处所填单词作定语,修饰名词 use,因此要用形容 词性物主代词。 10learned/learnt 考查动词时态和语态。此处所填单词作定语,修饰 words,同时 learn 和被修饰词之间是被动关系,因此用过去分词。
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