2020年南京中考英语阅读理解考点解读与应试技巧.docx

1、中考英语阅读理解考点解读与应试技巧 阅读理解阅读理解主要考察学生获取信息和分析信息的阅读能力。阅 读理解的命题围绕新课标要求，文章的选材趋于多元化，题型 涉及词句含义的理解，事实细节辨析推理、中心思想主题句提 炼等，点面结合、全面地考察学生的阅读理解能力。阅读理解 篇幅和分值都比较大，是很多同学比较头疼的项目，本文就和 大家分享一些阅读理解的答题技巧和方法。 阅读理解的文本形式有非连续性文本（图表、图解文字、目录、 说明书、广告、地图等）和连续性文本（由句子和段落构成的 文本，例如小说、散文等）。文章的题材根据新课标要求涵盖 了人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三个主题语境的各类话题， 以这些主题语

2、境为依托，阅读的体裁主要有记叙文、议论文、 说明文、戏剧、新闻报道、应用文等。 阅读理解的常见题型：阅读理解的常见题型： 1、主旨大意题 2、事实细节题 3、词义猜测题 4、推理判断题 PART 01 阅读理解解题步骤 面对不同的文本结构，不同的话题语境，同学们在做阅读理解 的时候首先要做好这两步： 1、抓主题 2、看题目 这两步需要我们通过略读来完成，包括略读文章和略读题目从 而大致了解话题，然后带着问题带着思考去文中细读、寻读。 略读就是迅速地阅读，以求抓住文章的梗概。略读的目的是为 获得大意或者总体印象而进行阅读。这就像我们看报纸时，几版、 十几版的页面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快

3、的速度找出主 题，略掉一些无关紧要的细节或与主题不甚相干的部分，知道其中 的大概内容。略读的关键在于一个“略”字，注意力应该集中在大意， 而不是细节上。 如何如何“抓主题抓主题”？ 1、抓住文章标题或副标题。 2、寻找主题段和每段主题句 我们考试中大多数文章没有标题，更多情况下，我们需要去找 出主题段和每段的中心句，中心句通常是每段的首句或末句，有时 也会出现在段落中间，中心句后面的内容都是围绕这个中心展开的， 通过中心句，我们能把握住文章的大致话题。 例题：例题： People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at al

4、l, according to an agricultural expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better, says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale (呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive and grow better. Plants take in CO2 through their pores (小孔) during the

5、sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster. 【解析】【解析】本段的首句是主题句，其后的句子或是解释说明“对植 物说话或唱歌有益于植物”，或是为这一主题思想提供论据。 如何如何“看题目看题目”？ “看

6、题目”包括读题干和选项。只有了解了问题，我们带着问题去 读文章才更有的放矢（尤其对于相对较难的篇章）。题干和选项也 要通过略读捕捉关键词，这些关键词帮助我们快速理解问题的意思。 关键词分两种: 1、形式上的关键词，即题干中的专有名词、数词和特殊标点等; 2、内容上的关键词，即可以着重表达句子意思的词或者词组。 例题：例题： People think Mei Lanfang played an important role in the spread of Beijing Opera because_. A. he made many tours to a foreign country. B.

7、 he was a famous Beijing Opera performer. C. he was the first to introduce Beijing Opera to foreigners. D. he made Beijing Opera different from other theatrical art forms. 【解析】【解析】划线部分例如 Mei Lanfang、Beijing Opera 这样的专有 名词、限定词 famous、数词 first 都是形式关键词。Tours、foreign country、performer 等是内容关键词。这两种关键词的结合就

8、是我 们需要抓住的“点”。 在略读的基础上，我们可以带着问题与思考去比较仔细地阅读 或寻读，从而得出答案。 PART 02 解题方法与例题分析 【方法策略】 针对阅读常见的四大题型，不同题型都是有其对应的解题方法。 接下来，我们具体分析每一类题型的方法策略。 （一）主旨大意题（一）主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考察同学们对文章或段落的深层次理解能力， 以及通过速读把握文章大意的能力。 主要命题方式：主要命题方式： 1、The passage is mainly about_. 2、What is the best title for this passage? 3、Whats the main i

9、dea of the passage? 4、Whats the subject of the passage？ 5、Whats the topic of the passage? 解题技巧：解题技巧： 此类问题主要围绕标题、文章大意进行设置。这就要求我们对 选项进行分析。题目的正确选项具有这样的特征：它能全面概括和 总结文章。相对于正确选项，错误选项或干扰项往往缺乏“全面性” 和“概括性”，内容过宽或过窄，只是对某些段落的概括而非全文， 或者和文章毫无关联，还有些选项也对文章进行了较全面的概括但 含有错误信息，这些选项都应该排除。 把握文章主旨的技巧是去找这三种类型的信息：找主题段、找主 题句

10、和找高频词。这三类信息都是紧扣文章主旨的。 例题：例题： For many businessmen, online education has been a dream. Now it has come true. The investment (投资) in higher education, whether financial or in terms of time, has long been impossible for many of them. But well-known educational institutions have chosen to deliver an int

11、ernet- based program, and these barriers (障碍) have been lifted. That is good news for people eager to improve themselves and is more attractive to employers. It is also a benefit to industry with better qualified candidates applying for jobs at every level. Having the benefits of a higher qualificat

12、ion (资格证书) without going to the university campus is attractive to many students. Campus study means greater cost, while online programs are flexible (灵活的) and save time, whether at home or at work. Students can achieve their degrees without causing too much disruption to their career or home life.

13、In addition to affordable, flexible classes and greater convenience, students also have access to the online learning resources of many of the worlds top educational institutions. They can also communicate with their tutors no matter what time it is or whether either party is away for any reason. Th

14、is has opened up the possibility of getting a qualification from a university or college that many students could only have dreamed of in the past. It also allows specialists to get the precise qualifications and focus on their studies. As well as seeing the increase of applicants from lower-incomes

15、 and housewives, studying online in the US is even becoming popular with younger people of college age. Employers have become increasingly welcome and positive to online qualifications as more candidates earn them, especially if theyre properly approved by the US Department of Education. US institut

16、ions have led the way in online education provision. Many top US colleges and universities offer a range of online programs that are highly respected and in every way perfectly fit for adults who need to combine their studies with a working life. Which would be a good title for the passage? A. Adult

17、 Education Online B. The Best of USAs Online Education C. Top US Universities Offering Online Education D. Online Education Taking the Place of Campus Education 【解析】【解析】考察新闻报告类短文阅读。该题是考察最佳标题，属于 文章主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是美国的网络教学的好处和优势， 可以节省钱，同时也很便利，不影响人们的生活和事业。第一段是 主题段。That is good news for people., It is also

18、 a benefit to., Having the benefits of ., In addition to affordable, flexible classes and greater convenience, students also have.,This has opened up the possibility of., Employers have become increasingly welcome and positive to online., 这些每段的中心句，高频词 Online Education 以及句中包含 的 good、benefit、convenien

19、ce 等词均与 B 项表述契合。该选项包 含所有内容，能够全面概括出文章的主旨要义。A 项过于笼统，C 项的中心词 Top US Universities 显然不是本文讨论的主题，D 项突 出网络教学与传统教学的对比，本文没有提及，均为干扰项。 （二）事实细节题（二）事实细节题 事实细节题主要考察事情发生发展的各要素，常对文章中的某 个词语，短语或句子中的细节或事实进行提问，题干中常用 what, who, when, where, how, why 等特殊疑问词提问。也有像 If you carry the Servicecard or the Cashcard , you can_这样的陈

20、述句形式， 也是对细节的考查。事实细节题在阅读理解中占最大比例。 主要类型：主要类型： 1、信息细节题（上面列举的基本都是这类形式） 2、图表题 3、排序题 4、数学计算题 例题：If you withdraw200 from a cash machine abroad, you will be charged _. A.4.90 B.4.5 C.5.25 D.5.3 解题技巧解题技巧 事实细节题的解题关键是定位，即带着问题去原文中定位到相 关句子。通过查读、研读等方式，根据问题中的关键词在文章中查 找关键句，并将题干与句子进行仔细比对，综合分析，最终确定答 案。解题时主要注意两大原则：1.

21、对应性即正确选项与原文中 的细节一一对应；2. 准确性即识别出选项信息与原文信息的转 换而导致的语义变化。特别要各种类型的信号词。 信号词的类别信号词的类别 （l）表示递进的信号词： after all, also, again, and then, as well as, further more, in other words, moreover 等； （2）预示有相同或类似内容的信号词： and, also, besides, similarly, as well as, the same as 等； （3）预示有不同或相反内容出现的信号词： but, however, while, o

22、n the other hand, to the opposite, otherwise 等； （4）表示先后关系顺序的信号词： before, after, first, next, then, last, finally, since then, eventually, in the end, at last 等； （5）表示解释、举例说明关系的信号词： for example, such as, in other words, that is to say 等； 例题：例题： Visitors experience the excitement of whitewater rapids

23、and then stop to enjoy the impressive beauty of Travertine Falls and a tasty lunch. No charge for children 2 years and under. . Tours Include: - Round-trip transportation from Peach Springs to the starting point and from the termination point back to Peach Springs. -Snack, drinks and lunch (vegetari

24、an meals available upon request 可 根据要求提供) - Waterproof dry bags for storing your cameras, sunscreen, dry clothes, etc. The helicopter part of transportation is weather permitting. If the helicopter transportation is cancelled because of bad weather, the raft will continue an additional two hours to

25、South Cove and a maximum $20.00 per customer will be given back. Special Website booking rate 15% off rafting in April. So book now! Which of the following is TRUE about the trip? A. Hualapai River Runners provides dry clothes. B. You will get $20 back if you are not satisfied. C. The trip is free o

26、f charge for children under 2. D. Online booking has a better offer all year round. 【解析】【解析】 四个选项中哪个选项是正确的。这需要我们将四个选 项与文章信息源一一对应，比较，找出正确的选项，还要知道错误 的选项错在哪里，这样选对的几率会大大提高，更有胜算。根据 “Waterproof dry bags for storing your cameras, sunscreen, dry clothes, etc.”可知，提供的是防水袋，而不是干衣服，排除 A；根据“If the helicopter tran

27、sportation is cancelled, .$20.00 per customer will be given back”可知，如果直升机取消的话，退还 20 美元，排除 B；根 据“Special Website booking rate 15% off rafting in April.”可知，只有 4 月网购才有优惠，排除 D；根据“No charge for children 2 years and under.”可知，两岁及以下的儿童免费。故正确选项为 C。 （三）词义猜测题（三）词义猜测题 阅读理解也有词义或句义猜测题，但通常以词义猜测为主。这 里主要对词义猜测题进行分析讲

28、解。对于词义的考察主要可以分为 两种类型：第一类是代词的指代含义，例如 What does “It” mean in the underlined sentence “It needs food!”；What does the underlined word “It” mean in the passage? 另一类是词义猜测题，形式通常是划 线单词的含义，要求同学们根据上下文猜测生词词义或熟词生义， 考查大家通过阅读并理解上下文对词义做出正确灵活判断的阅读能 力。 解题技巧解题技巧 1、定义法 如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子和段落 就是推断词义。这就是定义法。 例题：例题：

29、 Do you know what a territory is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims as its own. 【解析】【解析】由定义可推知，这里 territory指的是动物的地盘。 定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to 等。 2、对比法 对比法是内在逻辑关系的一种，在一个句子或段落中，有对两 个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测 其词义。表示对比关系的词汇或短语有

30、：unlike, not, but, however, in spite of 等，还有 while 引导的并列句。 例题：例题： My sister Marry is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who always expects the worst to happen. 【解析】【解析】 从 while 的转折关系可知 optimist 意思是“one who expects the best”, 即“乐观的”。 3、同义、反义关系 阅读中，特别是要注意这些信号词 on the other hand, rather than, howe

31、ver, yet, although, 等，利用这些同义、反义关系，可以帮助我 们确定词义。 例题：例题： Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes , according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. 【解析】【解析】根据 and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我 们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心. 4、上下文

32、语境 通过上下文来猜测词意是阅读考试中最常用的重要手段之一， 联系上下文可以帮助我们理解句子，确定词义。 例题：例题： He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy. 【解析】【解析】对于 dynamic 一词同学们可能不熟悉，下文的 He seems to have unlimited energy（他似乎有用不完的劲）就是 对 dynamic 词义的解释。这样，我们便知道该词的意思为“有干劲 的”。 （四）推理判断题（四）推理判断

33、题 推理判断题是阅读试题中最难的题型。这要求同学们在理解文 中直接陈述的观点或事实的基础上，领悟作者言外之意，即根据作 者暗示的内容，推断出合理的结论。 具体类型：具体类型： 1、文章出处(The passage is most probably from _.) 2、隐含意义(What can we learn from this experiment?/It can be inferred from the text that./The story implies that./We can infer from the passage that.） 3、观点态度(Calvin apolog

34、ized to Trudy _.) 4、情节发展(What may happen next according to Scene 1?) 5、写作意图(The purpose of the passage is to show_.) 还有关于人物性格、事件结局、故事寓意等方面的推理。 解题技巧解题技巧 推测必须基于足够的已知信息，而不是凭空的想象. 首先，同学 们应弄清楚题目要求是对文章的主旨、观点、态度等方面的推断还 是针对某个细节的推断，要带着问题阅读、分析和思考。其次，同 学们应仔细阅读文章，对文章主题思想、行文结构和写作意图进行 基于文章、忠于作者的整体把握，切勿脱离文章，主观臆断。再

35、次， 确定推理推断的依据所在的范围，分析上下文中句子间的内在联系， 区分事实和观点、原因与结果等。 正确选项特征：正确选项特征： 1、判断有理有据，忠于原文 2、全面分析，不可断章取义 3、揣摩作者思路 干扰项特征：干扰项特征： 1、原文信息的简单重复这点一定要注意！重复的信息不是推 理！ 2、推理过度的片面结论 3、与原文内容不符或相反的结论 4、符合常识，但原文没有依据支持 例题：例题： Jazz seems like it is not really a part of the American appetite, Moran tells National Public Radio is

36、 reporter Neal Conan. What I am hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. It is actually color, and it is actually digital. Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the

37、 music has been lost. The music can not be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same, says Moran.Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller is music for a dance party, just to kind of put it back in

38、 the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music, says Moran. In music, where does the emotion lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and ou

39、r thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context, says Moran, so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the things I want to develop. What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz? A. It will disappear gradually. B. It remains black and white. C. It should keep up with

40、the times. D. It changes every 50 years. 【解析】【解析】本题干的关键词是 Morans opinion on jazz，从文章中 Moran 所说的话可推断出答案。由 Moran 所说的话中的What I am hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore可 知 B 项错误。由选文第二段 Moran 所说的话中的The music can not be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same可推知，爵士 乐的呈现形式不能和 1908 年或 1958 年的一样，它必须与时俱进， 这与 C 项一致。A 项爵士乐会逐渐消失和 D 项爵士乐每五十年 改变一次在文中均没有提及