人教版八年级英语寒假讲义-时态%2B句子成分 及 练习（无答案）.docx

1、 英 语 初 二 年 级 1 学习课题 时态与句式结构 学习目标 各种时态的构成 学习重点与难点 时态的理解和应用 本节知识 一般过去时一般过去时 1.定义：表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态或在过去一段时间内的 经常性或习惯性动作。 2.时间状语: yesterday ,last week(month, year), in 2012(过去的时间), three days ago， just now ，the day before yesterday 等。 （1）系动词 be 的过去式: am(is) was, are were 陈述句：He was at home yesterday

2、. 否定句：He wasnt at home yesterday. 疑问句：Was he at home yesterday? Yes ,he was./No ,he wasnt. （2）行为动词的一般过去式: 规则动词的过去式变化规则 变化规则 例词 一般在词尾加ed. playplayed 以不发音的 e 结尾的，只加-d. like liked love loved 以辅音字母+y 结尾的，变 y 为 i ,再加ed. study studied carry carried 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，先双写 这个辅音字母，再加-ed stop stopped plan planne

3、d 动词不规则变化： do did have had go went see saw read read get got give gave sleep slept eat ate write wrote find_-found 陈述句：主语+动词过去式+其它 I go to the movie. I went to the movie. 否定句：主语+助动词 didnt+动词原形+其它 I dont go to school today. I didnt go to school. 一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形+其它 Do you have breakfast? Did you ha

4、ve breakfast? 2 Yes, I do./No, I dont. Yes, I did./No, I didnt. 时态综合小练习时态综合小练习 1.用所给单词的适当形式填空用所给单词的适当形式填空 1. He_ TV every evening. (watch) 2. Tom, with his classmates, often _ football after school. (play) 3. Your shoes _ under the bed. (be) 4. I always _ up at six in the morning.(get) 5. John _ lik

5、e his father. (look) 6.Its nine oclock. My father _(work) in the office. 7.-_he_(clean) the classroom? -No, he isnt. He_(play). 8.Listen, who_(sing) in the music room? 9. He _ (live) in Wuxi two years ago. 10. The cat _ (eat) a bird last night. 11. We _ (have) a party last Halloween. 12.-Where is Ma

6、ke? -He_(run) on the grass. 13. I _ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday. 14. They _ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson. 15. Peter often_ (watch) cartoons on Saturday. 16. Her father _ (read) a newspaper last night. 17. He _(read) English every day. 18. Did she _ (have) supper at home?

7、19. His uncle usually _ to work by bus. (go) 20. It _ (be) hot yesterday and most children _ (be) outside(外面). 21. It _ (be) hot today and most children _ (be) outside. 22, My mother _ (not do) housework yesterday. 23, My mother _ (not do) now. 24. We always _ to school on foot. (go) 25. _ you _ (vi

8、sit) your relatives last Spring Festival? 26. What about _ (eat) something, Jenny? 27. Look! Dave and Mary _ (dance). 28. Our teacher often _ (reach) school early in the morning. 29. _ (be) there a hotel near here? 30. He _ (not do) his homework last night. 31. We _ (go) to the beach last summer vac

9、ation. 32. My brother _ (take) a shower now. 33. Tony _ (be) born in 1989. 3 34. My mother _ (not like) bananas. 35. Let me tell you how _ (use) the radio. 36. His teacher _ (go) to work on foot every day. 37. Would you like _ (play) tennis with us? 38. _ your mother _ (cook) now? 39. It was sunny a

10、nd hot yesterday. We went to the park and _ (fly) kites. 40. On my way home, I saw a girl _ (cry) in the corner. 一般将来时态一般将来时态 (be going to do) 用法：be going to 结构表示将来要发生的事，或打算、计划，决定要做 的事情。 1. 常与其搭配的时间状语（标志词） ： tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, soon (不久), in the future (将来), next week, in+时间段（in two da

11、ys 两天之后）, in 2014 等。 2. 陈述句： 主语 + be (am , is , are) + going to + 动词原形 e.g. I am going to travel around the world. 我将到世界各地旅游。 He is going to play basketball tomorrow. 他打算明天打篮球。 3. 否定句： 主语 + be + not + going to + 动词原形 e.g. We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我们将不上课。 4. 一般疑问句：将 am , is ,

12、 are 提前大写即可 Be (Am , Is , Are ) + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 e.g. Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你长大后将做名医生 吗？ 回答：Yes, I am. No, I am not. 5. 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词 When (How , What , Where )等 + be (am , is , are ) + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 e.g. What are you going to do next Sunday? 你下星期天将做什么？ 6. be goi

13、ng to 与 there be 结构的联合 表示某地、某时将有什么，be going to 之后加 be e.g. There is going to be a basketball game next Friday. 练习练习 1. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be 2. He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week. A. will be; is B.

14、is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be 3. There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be 4. _ you _ free tomorrow? No. I _ free the day after tomorrow. 4 A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Ar

15、e; going to be; will be 5. Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give 6. _ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are 7. If they come, we _ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have 8. He _ her a

16、 beautiful hat on her next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. is going to giving 9. He _ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back 10. If it _ tomorrow, well go roller-skating. A. isnt rain B. wont rain C. doesnt rain D. doesnt fine 11. Will hi

17、s parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? No, _ （不去）. A. they willnt B. they wont. C. they arent D. they dont. 12. Who _ we _ swimming with tomorrow afternoon? A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go 13. We _ the work this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will

18、 doing 14. Tomorrow he _ a kite in the open air first, and then _ boating in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go 一般将来时一般将来时 1. 谓语构成： 1)will/shall+do She will come to have class tomorrow. Will she come to have class tomorrow? She wont come

19、to have class tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 2)be going to+do 用 be going to do 表示将来：主要意义，一是表示意图，即打算在最近的将来 或将来进行某事。 Are you going to post that letter? How long is he going to stay here? I am going to book a ticket. 另一意义是表示预见， 即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。 5 Its going to rain. George is putting on wei

20、ght; he is going to be quite fat. 3) be doing（多为短暂性动词） 用 be doing 表示将来：主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用于位 置转移的动词。如：go，come，leave，arrive，fly, move 等， I am leaving for Beijing 2 there be 句型的将来时态: there will bethere is /are going to be There will be fewer people in the future. 3. in +一段时间表示将来 I will come back i

21、n 2 days 标志词：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, in a few days, soon, in the future, in 2015 etc. 小练习小练习 ( ) 1 There _ an English speech contest tomorrow afternoon in our school. A will have B will is C is going to have D will be ( ) 2. In ten years Joe _ an astronaut. A is B was C will is

22、D will be ( ) 3 He is very happy , because he _ in a big apartment next year. A live B lives C will live D will living 4 There will be less pollution ，_ ? （反义疑问句） 5 Kids will go to school (否定句） _ 6 I will fly rockets to the moon.（划线提问） _ 7 What is the weather like today? （用将来时改写） What _ the weather

23、_ _ tomorrow? 8 There _ (be) less free time in the future. 9 He _ (ride) his bike to school tomorrow. 10 Tom _ (write) a letter this morning, and he _(send) it to his father this evening. 11 Kate often _ (watch) TV at night, but this evening she _ (watch) a new movie in the cinema. 12 I _ (study) in

24、 high school ten years ago, and now I _ (be) a college student. In ten years I _ (be) a lawyer. 英语的句子成分及基本结构英语的句子成分及基本结构 首先,我们来看一下英语当中词的词性 (part of speech) ( n. ) apple, flower, student, adult, advertisement 这些是 _词 (pron.) I, you, we, myself, ourselves这些是 _词 ( v. ) work, run, read, abandon, beg这些是 _

25、词 6 ( adj. ) excited, important , central这些是 _词, 常用来修饰 _ ( adv. ) fast, hard, happily, out, away这些是 _词, 常用来修饰 _ (conj. ) and, but, or, as, when, if. 这 些 是 _ 词 , 常 用 来 _ (prep. ) in, on, at, by, above这些是 _词, 可以构成短语, 在一个句子 中做下列成分: This is a book on gardening. (做 定定 语) The book is under the table. (做 表

26、表 语) He has been here since Friday. (做 状状 语) Make yourself at home. (做 补补 语) 接下来，我们在了解一下构成一个句子的基本成分有哪些 (members of sentences) George is a smart boy from Britain. He likes learning Chinese very much. History is his favorite subject, too. Talking with his Chinese friends online makes him happy. 在这几个句子

27、里： George, He, History, Talking with his Chinese friends 是句子中的 _. is 是句子中的 _. like, make 是句子中的 _. a smart boy, his favorite subject 是句子中的 _. learning Chinese, him 是句子中的 _. smart, from Britain, favorite 是句子中的 _. very much 是句子中的 _. happy 是句子中的 _. 现在，我们进入正题，看看英语简单句的基本结构有哪些 (sentence structures) Today w

28、as my first day at my new school. I dont like the new people around me. When they speak to me I feel very shy, so they misunderstand and think I am unfriendly. In our class the teacher gave us a task - to stand up and introduce ourselves. I could feel everyone looking at me. I went very red and coul

29、d only say a few words quietly. The teacher will think I am a bad student, but I work very hard. My problem is that Im easily embarrassed. e.g. 1 Today was my first day at my new school. 7 主语(Subject) + 系动词(Link-verb) + 表语(Predicative) + 状语(Adverbial) 结构结构 1：S + L-v + P + (A) 你知道的系动词(Link-verb)有哪些？

30、be am/ is/ are/ was/ were When they speak to me I feel very shy 系动词还包括：(1) 表示感觉的 feel, look, sound, taste, smell (2) 表示变化的 become, fall, get, grow, turn (3) 表示保持的 stay, remain, keep (4) 表示看上去的 appear, seem (5) 表示证明的 prove e.g. 2 I dont like the new people around me. 主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Obj

31、ect) + 状语(Adverbial) 结构结构 2：S + V + O + (A) but I work very hard. 主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 状语(Adverbial) 结构结构 3：S + V + (A) 这个句子为什么没有宾语？ 英语中的实义动词分为及物动词及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词不及物动词(vi.)两种。 及物动词指的是后面可以直接跟宾语的动词，如：learn, see, study, like. 不及物动词/词组指的是后面不能直接跟宾语，也不能用被动语态的动词/词组， 如：run, happen, wait, work, take pl

32、ace, run out * 有些动词，即可以做 vt. 也可以做 vi. e.g. He often drives very fast. He often drives his friends home. e.g. 3 In our class the teacher gave us a task 状语(Adverbial) + 主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 直接宾语(Direct object) + 间接宾语 (Indirect object) 结构结构 4：S + V + O1 + O2 + (A) * 第四种结构的句子都可以转化成为第二种结构的句子 e.g. I

33、n our class the teacher gave us a taskIn our class the teacher gave a task to us e.g. 4 I could feel everyone looking at me 主语(Subject) + 谓语动词(Verb) + 宾语(Object) + 宾补(Object complement) 结构结构 5：S + V + O + OC * 其它可以充当宾补的还有： No one likes to keep his room dirty and disorderly. ( 形容词 ) Its cold out. Why

34、 not invite them in? ( 副 词 ) 8 They named their dog Joe. ( 名 词 ) The teacher had the students doing their homework for a long time. ( 现在分词 ) I had my hair cut yesterday. ( 过去分词 ) He asked me to give him a hand. (动词不定式) 关于状语状语 状语可以分为以下几种： 1. Lets get together at 7 oclock. ( 时间 状语) 2. I met the boy in

35、 the library. ( 地点 状语) 3. He came late because of the heavy rain. ( 原因 状语) 4. She got to the station to pick up her son. ( 目的 状语) 5. The young man got up too late to catch the bus. ( 结果 状语) 6. Will you go to New York by sea or by air? ( 方式 状语) 7. If it rains tomorrow, the meeting will be put off. (

36、条件 状语) 8. Despite the heavy rain, he went to look after the old man. ( 让步 状语) 9. I cant do anything with you looking at me. ( 伴随 状语) 试一试: 你能说出下列划线的部分分别在句子当中担当什么成分吗? 1. Some of the older students came to our classroom today to talk with us. 目的 状语 2. They are very enthusiastic and they speak fluently

37、in front of lots of people. 表 语；地点状语 3. I want to be like them. 宾语 4. The English teacher always wants me to talk. 宾补 5. When Im sitting at a computer, I dont feel shy. 时间状语；表语 6. I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. 定语 7. What she told me seems real. 表语 知识延伸： 如果在一个英语句子中，作某个特定成分的不再是一

38、个词或者短语，而是一个从 句，那么这个含有从句的大句子就叫做复合句。 试一试: 你能辨别下列从句的种类吗？ 1. I dont know that he has joined the army. ( 宾语 从句) 2. What he said sounds good. ( 主语 从句) 3. My problem is that Im easily embarrassed. ( 表语 从句) 4. He wanted to help the old man who lived next door. ( 定语 从句) 5. When the film ended, the people wen

39、t back. ( 时间状语 从句) 6. Where there is a will, there is a way. ( 地点状语 从句) 9 7. Ill speak slowly so that you can follow me. ( 目的状语 从句) 8. He is so lovely a boy that we all like him. ( 结果状语 从句) 9. Youll fail the exam unless you work hard. ( 条件状语 从句) 10. Hes unhappy, though he has a lot of money. ( 让步状语

40、从句) exercise: 课堂检测 试分析下面这个段落当中的各个句子。 Young people spend a lot of time together in club activities and they often become true friends. These friendships often last a long time after graduation. Some become life-long friends. In China, there is a popular belief that true friends are people who have ha

41、d similar life experiences, such as they have eaten rice from the same pot or they have lived under the same roof. Many graduates say that their best memories of Senior High School are the days they spent in the mountains during the summer vacation, practicing and training with other club members. 课

42、后作业 一一 复习本节知识复习本节知识 整理笔记整理笔记 二二 阅读理解阅读理解 10 In general (一般来说) people talk about two groups of colors: warm colors and cool colors. Scientists think that there are also two groups of people; people who prefer warm colors and people who prefer cool colors. The warm colors are red, orange and yellow. W

43、here there are warm colors and a lot of light, people usually want to be active. People think that red example is exciting sociable (善于交际的)people , those who like to be with others like red. The cool colors are green, blue and purple. These people who like to spend time alone often prefer blue. Red

44、may be exciting but one scientist says that time seems to pass more slow in the room with warm colors than in a room with cool colors. He suggested that a warm color such as red or orange ,is a good color for a living room or a restaurant. People who are relaxing or eating dont want time to pass qui

45、ckly. Cool colors are better for offices of factories as the people who work there want time to pass quickly. Scientist dont know why people think some colors are warm and other colors are cool. However ,almost everyone agree that warm time to pass quickly. Cool colors are better for offices of factories as the people who work there want time to pass qui