1、第 1 讲 可数名词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student 是普通名词，john 是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词 a/an, 定冠词 the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有 名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体 名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。
2、 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词可以数的名词 不可数名词数不清（没有复数） drink milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词 a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词 a(an)连用，没 有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数
3、名词 数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用 how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如 there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 ill tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多
4、好消息。 we should collect some useful information 我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2） 用单位词表示。 用 a . of 表示。 如 a cup of （ 一杯.），a bottle of （一瓶.） a piece of （ 一张.），a pair of shoes（一双鞋） 如 two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸） 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式； 千、 百等数词与名词加用， 表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。 如 two hundred students（20
5、0 名学生） ten thousand trees（10000 棵树） 测试点he caught a lot of fish他抓到了许多鱼 （此处为许多条鱼， fish的复数仍为fish或fishes） =he caught a lot of fishes. the paper is about some fresh-water fishes.这篇论文是有关几种淡水鱼的。（此处 fish 表示不 同种类的鱼，加复数词尾-es） 5、可数名词分为单数和复数。 名词单数就是该词本身，在其前面加 a 或 an。 1）单数 如 a desk（一张桌子） an old desk（一张旧书桌） 2）复数：
6、要表示一个以上概念时，要用名词复数形式 规则变化 1）一般情况下加-s 如 book-books（书） desk-desks（书桌） 2）以 s ,x ,ch , sh 结尾加-es 如 box-boxes（盒子） bus-buses(公共汽车) 注意以 th 结尾加-s, month-months stomach-stomachs 3)以辅音字母+结尾，变 y 为 i 再加- es。 如 city-cities(城市) country-countries(国家) 注意以元音+y，直接加 s。如：day-days(天)，boy-boys(男孩) 4)以 f 或 fe 结尾，复数变 f 或 fe
7、 为 v 再加-es 如 knife-knives(书) , half-halves(一半) (thief ,wife ,life ,shelf ,knife ,leaf ,self ,half ,wolf) 注意有少数词后直接加 s，如 roof-roofs (屋顶) 5)以 o 结尾 (1)辅音字母加 o 结尾名词的加-es 如 tomato-tomatoes(西红杮) potato-potatoes(土豆) (2) 元音字母加 o 结尾名词的加-s 如 piano-pianos (钢琴), zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片), kangaroo-kangaro
8、os(袋鼠) kilo-kilos(千克) 注意 zero 两种方式都可：zero-zeros 或 zeroes(零) 不规则变化 1) 元音字母发变化。 如 man-men(男人) ， woman-women(妇女) tooth-teeth(牙齿) ， foot-feet(脚) mouse-mice(老鼠) ， policeman-policemen(警察) policewoman-policewomen(女警察) 2) 词尾发生变化。 如 child-children(小孩) ， ox-oxen(公牛) 3) 单、复数形式相同。 如 fish-fish(鱼) ，sheep-sheep(绵羊
9、) ，deer-deer(鹿) ，Chinese-Chinese(中国人) ， Yuan-Yuan(元) ，jinn-jinn(斤) 注意 不说 an English，要说 an Englishman. fish 作鱼肉讲时不可数，没有复数。 fishes 指各种不同种类鱼或指几条鱼。 4) 形似单数，实为复数意义。 如 people(人，人们)these people (不说 a people，可说 a person) police(公安，警察)ten police (不说 a police，可说 a policeman) 5) 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成名词，变复数将名词及 m
10、an 或 woman 都变成复数。 如 a man driver-men drivers(男司机) a woman doctor-women doctors (女医生) 6) 合成名词变为复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数。 如 passer-by-passers-by(过路人) bus driver-bus drivers(汽车司机) 注意如果没有主体名词，就在最后一词上加-s。如： grown-up-grown-ups(成年人) letter-box-letter-boxes (信箱) 注意hair 和 fruit 通常作单数，表示总体。若表示若干根头发或若干种水果，则需用这两个
11、词的复数形式。 如 would you like some more fruit? 你要不要再吃点水果？ we bought a lot of fruit from the market. 我们从市场上买了许多水果， china has some good frits. 中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) she has a few white hairs. 她有几要白头发。 his black hair is going white. 他的黑发逐渐变成灰白色。 注意wind ,snow 和 rain 这类词，有时也可以有复数形式，表示多次的风、雪或雨。 注意以 boy 和 girl 开头的复合名
12、词变成复数时，一般只把后一名词变成复数。 如 boy student-boy students(男学生) girlfriend-girlfriends(女朋友) 7) 有些名词只有作复数。 如 scissors(剪刀)a pair of scissors(一把剪刀)trousers(裤子)shorts(短裤)jeans(工装 裤)compasses(两脚规)scales(天平)sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储 蓄)writings(作品) 名词+man(woman)构成的复合名词，其复数形式通常与简单名词一样，即把 man(woman)改 成 m
13、en(women)。 如 Englishman-Englishmen(英国人) Frenchwoman-Frenchwomen(法国妇女) 注意 German 不是复合词，它的复数是 Germans。 常用口诀 表示民族的名词顺口溜 （1）“中、日、瑞”友好是一致。 （2）“英、法”联盟 a 变 e。 （3）其他一律加 s 即 Chinese，Japanese 单复数同形；Englishman，Frenchman 的复数为 Englishmen， Frenchmen； 其他像 German， American， Australian 等的复数形式是在后面加“s”。 o 结尾的名词顺口溜 1）有
14、生命的以 o 结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加 es，凡无生命的以 o 结尾的名词变复数时， 词尾加 s。 有生命：potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes, hero-heroes, negro-negroes 如无生命：zoo-zoos, radio-radios, photo-photos, piano-pianos, zero-zeros, bamboo（竹竿） -bamboos, tobacco（烟丝）-tobaccos1） 2）两人两菜一火山。（+es） 小学中学课本中以 o 结尾的名词构成复数时，加 es 的只有 negro（黑人），hero（英雄）， pota
15、to（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这就是“两人两菜一火山”。 或：黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿 Negroes and heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes） 2）其余以 o 结尾的名词变复数时均加 s。 图景：你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上 面放着一台“radio”。 zoo-zoos , bamboo-bamboos ,photo-photos piano-pianos, radio-radios. f、fe 结尾的顺口溜 （1）以 f(e)结尾的名词变为复数时，有的
16、把 f(e)改为 v(e)再加 s，其他的以“f(e)”结尾的名词 则直接加“s”。 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌； 躲在架后保己命， 半片树叶遮目光。 wife （妻子） ， knife （刀子） ， wolf （狼） thief （小偷） ， shelf（架子），life（生命）leaf（树叶），self（自己），half（一半），这 9 个名词变复数 时，都要改“f(e)”为“ve”再加“s”。 (2)以 f 结尾的名词，一般把把 f 改为 ves，但也有特殊情况是直接加-s 的， 如 gulf, roof, chief, serf, belief, proof, handkerchi
17、ef。编成口诀联想： 海湾边、屋顶上，首领农仆相望； 谁说他们无信仰，语气定在手帕上 巧记不规则名词单变复 男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠加虱婆。 man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice. 1、 掌握名词的分类 2、 掌握可数名词单数变复数的规则 1. The _ in our yard are very beautiful. A. cloth B. water C. flowers 解析：Be 动词使用了 are 所以前面的名词为复数，AB 为不可数，故选择 C 2. Tom is
18、 one of the Chinese _ in our school. A. boy B. boys C. boies 解析;one of 名词复数 ，boy 是元音加 y 故选择 B 3. A cat has four _ , doesnt it? A. foots B. feet C. feet 解析 foot 属于特殊变形 feet 故选择 B 4. There are three _ and five _ in the room. A. American, Japanese B Americans, Japanese C. American, Janpaneses 解析：根据口诀中日
19、不变英法变其余 S 加后边，故选择 B 5. Can you see nine _ in the picture? A. fish B. book C. horse 解析：nine 后边为复数名词排除 bc，故选择 a 6. The _ has two_. A. boy; watch B. boy; watches C. boys; watch 解析：has 前主语为单数，two 后为复数，故选择 B 7. The _ are flying back to their country. A. Germany B. Germanys C. Germans 解析：根据口诀中日不变英法变其余 S 加
20、后边，故选择 c A 部分 一、写出下列名词的复数形式 1. computer _ 2.apple _ 3.city _ 4. house _ 5.sheep _ 6.watch _ 7. tomato _ 8.child _ 9.tooth _ 10. foot _ 11.wife _ 12.potato _ _ B 部分 二选择填空 1There are two _ in the room. A. Chineses B. Englishman 2. The old man will have _ out. A. two tooths B. two teeth 3. _ are sold i
21、n this bookstore. A. Childrens books B. Children books 4. Some friends of _ will come here. A. Johns B. John 5. Can you give me _? A. some papers B. a piece of paper 6. There are _ on the floor. A. some box B. some boxes C 部分 阅读理解，根据短文回答下面的问题。阅读理解，根据短文回答下面的问题。 (A) Kate, Bob, Rose and Li Jun are frie
22、nds. They are in same class. Kate is twelve. She is from England. She has long blond hair and blue eyes. Bob is twelve, too. He is from Canada. 1. He has short brown hair and grey eyes. Rose is thirteen. 2. She is from the U.S.A. She has long brown hair and blue eyes. 3.李俊 13 岁。Hes a Chinese boy. He
23、 has short black hair and two big black eyes. One day, they put their coats in a bag. The coats are brown, green, red and black. The boys dont like red coats and the girls dont like black coats. Bob cant find his coat. It isnt green. Li Jun says,“ My coat is brown. ” 根据短文内容，完成下面问题。 1What does Kate l
24、ook like? 2. 1 部分的汉语是什么意思？ 3你能把 2 部分变成一个一般疑问句吗？ 43 部分用英语怎么说？ 5请你帮助 Bob 找到衣服，他的衣服是什么颜色的？ His coat is _. (B ) Mary is an English girl, but she is in Canada now. She is six years old. Her mother says to her,” Youre six and youll start to school here. You will like the school, because its a good school.
25、” “Is it an English school?” Mary asks. “Yes, it is” Her mother tells her. She goes to school. The teachers are very friendly to her and speak good English. They like her and her classmates like her. She likes them very much ,too. Shes a happy girl. ( ) 1.Mary is now in _. A. Japan B. England C. Can
26、ada D. English ( ) 2.How old is she? A. Seven B. Six C. Five D. Twelve ( ) 3.Is Mary an English girl or a Chinese girl? A. Shes a Chinese girl. B. Shes an English boy. C. Shes an English girl. D. Hes an English girl. ( ) 4. How are her teachers? A. They re happy. B. Theyre tall. C. They have big eye
27、s. D. Theyre friendly. ( )5. Does Mary like the school? A. No, she does. B.Yes, she does. C. Yes, she doesnt D. No, she doesnt. 按要求填入单词的适当形式按要求填入单词的适当形式 1Two_ live in this building. (family) 2Look at those _. (child) 3I can see a _ standing near the door. (policeman) 4There are some _ on the table.
28、(glass) 5Would you like some _? (bread) 6I have two _. (sister) 7I like _. (cat) 8Do you want some _ for supper? (potato) 9He has two _. One is old ,the other is new .(watch) 10In autumn ,you can see a lot of _ on the ground. (leaf) 将下列句子变成复数形式将下列句子变成复数形式 1This is a knife. _ 2That is a tomato. _ 3I
29、have a wish. _ 4That child is very lovely. _ 5An Englishman stood there. _ 选用下列正确的单词或词组，在正确的选项上打选用下列正确的单词或词组，在正确的选项上打 1Do you drink much (milk, milks)? 2He had two (cup , cups) of tea. 3I dont want (a, an) old cap. 4Look at those (sheep, sheeps ). 5How many (radioes , radios ) can you see? 6There ar
30、e 36 (boys, boies) in my class. 阅读理解，阅读理解， 根据短文内容判断正（根据短文内容判断正（T）误）误(F)。（。（10 分）分） Its Sunday morning. The students of Class 3 are giving their classroom a good cleaning. Miss Huang, their teacher, is working with them. The children are busy. Some are carrying water; some are cleaning the windows; o
31、thers are sweeping the floor. Zhang Hua is putting up a map on the wall. It is a map of China. Wang Fei and Wei Qing are mending some broken chairs. The children are listening to the radio while they are working. The classroom looks nice and bright after the cleaning. The children are very happy. Th
32、ey go home for lunch at noon. ( ) 1. The children are playing in their classroom on Sunday morning. ( ) 2. Miss Huang, their mother, is working with them. ( ) 3. There is a map of China on the wall. ( ) 4. Two of them are repairing the broken chairs. ( ) 5. They are singing while they are working. 选
33、择正确答案。 Jack is a teacher of English. He is not young， but he is not old. He has a round face and black hair. He is tall. There are fifty students in his class. They all like him. Now its in the afternoon. Look， some students are working in the classroom. Jack is there， too. He is helping them to stu
34、dy English. He is a good teacher，and he is a good friend of them all. ( )1. What does Jack do? A. He is a worker. B. He is a teacher. C. He is a doctor. D. Hes a nurse. ( )2. What color is his hair? A. Its black. B. His hair is white. C. It is brown. D. He has yellow hair. ( )3. How many students ar
35、e there in his class? A. There are fifteen students in his class. B. Theres fifty. C. He has fifty. D. Therere fifty in it. ( )4. Jack is a good teacher，isnt he? A. Yes，he isnt. B. No，he is. C. Yes，hes. D. Yes，he is. ( )5. What are the students doing in the classroom? A. They are walking there. B. They are doing their lessons. C. They are helping their teacher. D. They are good friends of Jack.
