1、Ellipsis To explore the rules of ellipsis. To work out the rules. To apply the rules by doing some exercises. Jack and Henry are talking about a documentary on environmental protection. Pay attention to the underlined sentences and write down the words that have been left out in the brackets below.
2、The first one has been done for you. Jack: Hi, Henry! Did you watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday. Henry: (1) No, I didnt. Jack: What a pity! I highly recommend it. (2)You can watch it online if you want to. Its about some of the worst environmental problems were fac
3、ing today. Global warming, for example, is a major problem caused by greenhouse gases. It may lead to extreme weather events: droughts, heatwaves and so on. (3)I felt worried when watching the documentary. Henry: Does it also talk about solutions to these problems? Jack: Yes. It includes interviews
4、with more than 20 of the worlds leading experts on environmental issues. All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. (4) Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle. Henry: I wish we could also do something to help. (5)Got any idea
5、s? Jack: What about making a brochure about environmental problems? Henry: (6)Sounds great! Lets get started after lunch. 1. No, I didnt (watch the documentary about environmental protection on TV yesterday). 2. You can watch it online if you want to (_ _). 3. I felt worried when(_) watching the doc
6、umentary 4. Some call for the application of modern technology, and others (_) a change of lifestyle. 5. (_) got any ideas? 6. (_) sounds great! watch the documentary I was call for Have you It about environmental protection Working out the rules We sometimes use ellipsis to avoid (1) _ (stressing/
7、repeating) one or more words when the meaning is clear. We can use ellipsis: in infinitives after some conjunctions like if, when and while in clauses with the same pattern and the same verb at the beginning of a sentence in (2) _ (informal/formal) speech in short responses repeating informal 在英语中，为
8、了使语言简洁或避免重复，常省略句中的一在英语中，为了使语言简洁或避免重复，常省略句中的一 个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。 一、简单句中的省略一、简单句中的省略 1. 省略主语：主要是祈使句中的省略主语：主要是祈使句中的you。 (You) Come in, please! 2. 省略主语和谓语：主谓都很明确，为了简化或显得省略主语和谓语：主谓都很明确，为了简化或显得 亲切，可将主谓（或谓语一部分）同时省略。亲切，可将主谓（或谓语一部分）同时省略。 (You come) This way, please! (Are you) OK? 3. 省略宾
9、语：当前后两个句子宾语一致时，后句常省略宾语。省略宾语：当前后两个句子宾语一致时，后句常省略宾语。 Do you know Miss Gao? I dont know (her). 二二、并列并列句中的省略句中的省略 在由在由and或或but连接的并列句中，常省略重复的部分。连接的并列句中，常省略重复的部分。 1. 省略共同的主或宾。省略共同的主或宾。 Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher. 2. 若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词
10、相 同，则省略后面相同的部分。同，则省略后面相同的部分。 Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 3. 若主谓相同，省略后面的主谓成分。若主谓相同，省略后面的主谓成分。 His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry. 4. 若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动 词及后续部分。词及后续部分。 He has a knowledge of fi
11、rst aid but his friend doesnt (have a knowledge of first aid). 三三、主动复合句中的省略主动复合句中的省略 1. 状语从句的省略状语从句的省略 (1) 在在when, while, if, as if, though, although, as, until, once, whether, unless, whenever等引导的状语从句中，当从句等引导的状语从句中，当从句 主语和主句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词主语和主句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词be或从或从 句的主语为句的主语为it时，从句中主语和时，从句中主语和be动
12、词常被省略。动词常被省略。 Youd better look out when (you are) crossing the street. Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning. Whenever (it is) possible, they would stop him and ask him the three questions. (2) 当比较状语从句的谓语与主句相同时，从句中的谓语常当比较状语从句的谓语与主句相同时，从句中的谓语常 被省略。被省略。 He runs as fast as Bob (runs). They do
13、nt use more water than (it is) necessary. 2. 定语从句的省略定语从句的省略 (1) 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom, who, which, that可省略。可省略。 The exact year (which/ that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. He is the man (who/ whom/ that) you can depend on. (2) 修饰修饰way的关系词的关系词that/ in whi
14、ch可以省略。可以省略。 The way (in which/ that/ /) he speaks to us is really annoying. 3. 宾语从句的省略宾语从句的省略 (1) 由由that引导的宾语从句，引导的宾语从句，that一般可以省略；但如果动词一般可以省略；但如果动词 接两个或两个以上接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，引导的宾语从句时，that可以省略。可以省略。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. (2) when, where,
15、 how和和why引导的宾从有时可以仅保留引导词。引导的宾从有时可以仅保留引导词。 I know that a movie star will come to our city but I dont know when (he will come to our city). 四四、其他的省略其他的省略 1. 不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语，且在上文中不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语，且在上文中 已经出现时，可省略已经出现时，可省略to后面的成分，这些动词常见的有：后面的成分，这些动词常见的有： ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish,
16、 allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn等。如：等。如： The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to (ride it). 2. 在感官动词后作宾语补足语的不定式省略在感官动词后作宾语补足语的不定式省略to。 I saw the car (to) drive up outside the police station. 3. 在使役动词在使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的不定式省等后作宾语补足语的不定式省 略略
17、to。 4. 在在rather than等表示“与其等表示“与其不如”短语后的不定式省不如”短语后的不定式省 略略to。 5. 介词介词but / except前边有实义动词前边有实义动词do的某种形式时，其后的的某种形式时，其后的 不定式省略不定式省略to。 He can do nothing but / except lie down and sleep. 6. 在在can not but do sth.，cant choose but do sth.，can not help but do sth.句式中，句式中，but后跟的不定式（短语）省略后跟的不定式（短语）省略to。 7. 习惯上
18、的省略习惯上的省略 由固定短语引导的疑问句。由固定短语引导的疑问句。 What about having a game of chess? What if its raining? 习惯性的交际用语。习惯性的交际用语。 Not at all. No matter. Thanks. B Applying the rules B1 Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences using ellipsis. 1. I cannot watch the documentary this weekend though I would like. 2. Cows
19、 live on land and fish the water. 3. The Amazon rainforest is smaller now than was 50 years ago. 4. He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection, but he didnt do. Although I would like to, I cannot watch the documentary this weekend. in the water. 50 years ago. didnt. 5. When taking p
20、hotos of wildlife, every effort should be made to ensure that we keep away from the animals. we should make every effort B2 Jack is sharing with his classmates his experience of taking part in a forest clean-up activity. Use ellipsis where necessary. Put brackets around the word(s)that can be left o
21、ut. Last weekend, I took part in a forest clean-up activity. It was organized by Green Hope, an organization devoted to protecting forests. At first I didnt want to take part in the forest clean-up activity , but then I thought, “What if nobody goes?” Our team leader, Joe, took us to a forest outsid
22、e the city. I was sad to see litter everywhere. There was a “No littering is allowed here” sign ( ) at the entrance to the forest, but that didnt stop people from throwing their rubbish on the ground. Joe divided us into two groups: one group cleaned up the north side of the forest, and the other gr
23、oup cleaned up the south side of the forest. We worked for several hoursand we were happy to see that the forest looked cleaner than it had looked before. It was absolutely worth our effort! Therell be another clean-up activity in the green belt next Saturday. You can find Joe and sign up if youre w
24、illing to help. Everyone who takes part in the activity will receive a medal. Ill join you too if I have time. ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) B3 In pairs, describe the pictures below using ellipsis to call for the protection of the environment. Use the example to help you. You can also draw a picture and think of
25、a slogan. If we want to protect the environment, one of the best ways is to ride a bike instead of driving a car. We will make a difference when doing our own part. 1. All of them come up with creative ideas on how to solve these problems. come up with: put forward 想到，提出想到，提出 eg He comes up with a v
26、iew: the house prices will go down in three years. 【提示提示】 come up with及物动词短语，人作主语；及物动词短语，人作主语； come up不及物动词短语，物作主语，不用于被动不及物动词短语，物作主语，不用于被动 语态。语态。 eg A good idea came up at the meeting. come 短语短语 come up 走进；上升；被提出走进；上升；被提出 come on 来吧；赶快来吧；赶快 come about 发生；产生发生；产生 come across 遇见，（偶然）发现遇见，（偶然）发现 when i
27、t comes to 涉及；谈到涉及；谈到 【拓展拓展】 coming along (with) （和（和）一起去）一起去 【语境应用语境应用】单句语法填空单句语法填空。 1) Alvin, are you coming with us? Id love to, but something unexpected has come _. 2) Ill never understand how it came _ that you were late three times a week. 3) When walking down the street, I came _ David, whom
28、I hadnt seen for years. up about across 2. Some call for the application of modern technology and others a change of lifestyle. call for: If you call for something, you demand that it should happen. If something calls for a particular action or quality, it needs it or makes it necessary. 要求；需要要求；需要
29、eg The public are calling for an end to air pollution. call 短语短语 call at 停靠；（短时间）停留停靠；（短时间）停留 call on/ upon 拜访（某人）；号召拜访（某人）；号召 call off 取消；停止取消；停止 call in 请求；收回请求；收回 【拓展拓展】 call up 给给打电话；使打电话；使回忆起回忆起 【语境应用语境应用】单句语法填空单句语法填空。 1) The sound of happy laughter called _ memories of his childhood. 2) The go
30、vernment calls _ the youth to donate their blood voluntarily. 3) Since the weather is bad, lets call _ the trip. up on off 3. He had planned to borrow a book on environmental protection, but he didnt. had planned to do sth. 本打算做某事，但是没做成本打算做某事，但是没做成 eg I had planned to meet you at the airport, but so
31、meone came to see me just when I was about to leave. 【拓展拓展】动词动词hope, expect, think, mind, mean, want suppose等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、 打算和意图。打算和意图。 eg We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来希望能来看看你。我们本来希望能来看看你。 I had never thought that you were content to help me. 我从未想过你愿意帮我。我从未想过你
32、愿意帮我。 4. What if nobody goes? 如果没有人去该怎么办？如果没有人去该怎么办？ = What will happen if? 【归纳归纳】What if? 常用来提出假设、建议、邀请、常用来提出假设、建议、邀请、 要求等，意为“倘若要求等，意为“倘若将会怎样”，后面常跟一将会怎样”，后面常跟一 般现在时，有时根据语境也可以跟虚拟语气。类似般现在时，有时根据语境也可以跟虚拟语气。类似 句型有：句型有： What for? 为了什么目的？为了什么目的？So what? 那又怎么样？那又怎么样？ How come? 怎么会这样？怎么会这样？ What about?/ How
33、 about? 怎么样？怎么样？ eg What if he doesnt agree with me? If she spent five years in Paris, how come her French is so bad? He is fifteen years younger than you. So what? I. 将下列句子改成省略句。将下列句子改成省略句。 1. One side of the board should be painted blue, and the other should be painted yellow. 2. He has made a lot
34、 of films, but he has made few good ones. One side of the board should be painted blue, and the other yellow. He has made a lot of films, but few good ones. 3. If it is possible, I wish to work in the sales department. 4. Have you heard anything about Mrs Li？ If possible, I wish to work in the sales
35、 department. Have you heard Mrs Li？ II. 找出短文中可以更简洁的那句话并改正。找出短文中可以更简洁的那句话并改正。 It is well-known that relationships between children and their parents fundamentally affect adult behaviour. But now its importance is being challenged as new research shows that a childs relationship with its siblings (兄弟姐
36、妹兄弟姐妹) may have a more important effect on future adult behaviour. Psychologists say “Our relationship with our siblings is unmatchable. We have our siblings whether we like our siblings or whether we dont like them. As friends move away, marriages end, that relationship with our siblings continues and the memory of life that has been shared with them remains with us for a long time after childhood has ended.” 句句_可改为可改为_ 4 We have our siblings whether we like them or not. Review the rules of ellipsis and write a short passage using at least 3 ellipsis.
