1、新牛津高中英语语法讲练九新牛津高中英语语法讲练九 英语中的省略现象英语中的省略现象 在英语的口头和书面交际中，为了言简意赅，突出关键词语；有时为了避免重复；有时 因为语法的客观要求，省略句子中的一个或几个成分，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略是 有一定的原则的，要不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。英语的省略大致有以下 几种情况： （一）口头和书面语中为了言简意赅进行省略。如： Nice to meet you! (Its nice to meet you. 的省略，省略了形式主语和 be 动词) Lovely weather, isnt it? (省略了主语和 be 动词) Its su
2、ch fine weather, why not go to swim in the river? (这种省略句比Why do you not go to swim in the river/Why dont you go to swim in the river?更地道。) 这种省略在使用时似乎需要一定的情景，也就是常和语境搭配。如： How they are working! (他们工作多起劲啊！) Your pardon? = I beg your pardon. Ready?=Are you ready? Who next? (Who comes next? 的省略，省略了谓语) Si
3、t down, please! (祈使句主语不需要出现而省略) 在英语中，为了言简意赅省略小品词是一种语法要求。如： The boss made his men work eighteen hours a day. 该句中的不定式中的 to 必须省略掉。 但是，该结构如果变成被动语态，to 又必须加上去。如： John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment. He spent three days doing the work. (动名词前的介词 in 通常省去) Excuse me (for) my poor hearin
4、g. (动名词前的介词 for 可省去) I think (that) physics is a difficult subject. (引导宾语从句的 that 常省略) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. (定语从句中， 关系代词作宾语常省略。 ) This is the reason (why) I did it. (定语从句中，关系副词 why 可省略。) Nothing can stop us (from) carrying out the plan. (stop sb from doing.中的 from 常省略。)
5、有时，这种省略在地道的英语中，句子表现得非常特别。如： Long time no see. (老久不见啦。) 其实等于 I havent seen you for a long time. -Does anyone know where Tom lives? -Me. （相当于 I know where Tom lives.） 作主语的人称代词 I 在省略了全部谓语或部分谓语时用宾格形式。 比较祈使句省主语的现象： Be careful! Never come late. (二) 为了避免和前文重复进行省略。如： Women who drink more than two cups of co
6、ffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who dont. 这句话中的比较状语从句中，为了避免重复，省略了谓语 drink more than two cups of coffee a day。如果不省略，反而表达不妥。再如： We will do what we can to help fulfill the work in time. (can 后省略了和前文重复的谓语 do) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his m
7、other told him not to. (该句省略了 不定式中和前文相同的动词原形短语。) Are you a student? Yes, I am. (一般疑问句回答时省略前文出现的成分) 有些动词对下文意思有隐藏的影响，后面的不定式常省略。如： His answer seems (to be) right. The theory proved (to be ) true. We considered him (to be) an honest man. I find English (to be) easy to learn. 介词 but 后的不定式和作表语的不定式，它们前面出现了
8、行为动词 do 的任何形式，还 有在 and 或 or 并列的第二个不定式中一定要省略 to。 In very cold weather, the hibernating animals have no choice but to lie down to sleep. In very cold weather, the hibernating animals do not have any choice but to lie down to sleep. He could do nothing but wait. All we want to do is inform him of the c
9、hange of the plan. I dont know whether to stay or leave. （三）在一些特殊的场合，为了节省版面和空间，不是避免重复，也常使用省略。这种 省略常用在广告标牌、新闻标题、书面通知等应用文体中。如： No Chinese here! 这里禁说汉语。意思相当于 No Chinese is spoken here! Insert here! 从此插入！意思相当于 You insert here(,please)!（饮料盒上常见的用语） Merry Christmas! 圣诞节快乐！意思相当于 I wish you merry Christmas!
10、（四）在表达上为了删繁就简，对从句进行简化而省略。如： 1.状语从句的省略 If invited, I will go to his party. (If invited=If I am invited.) When possible, Mr. Li will ask us some questions in English. (When possible=When it is possible) Though young, he knows a lo of things. (Though young=Though he is young) 归纳上面三个例句，可以得出这样的结论：如果状语从句的
11、主语和主句的主语一致，状 语从句的结构是“从属连词+主语+be 动词+其它结构” ，状语从句中的“主语+be 动词”可 省略。如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语不一致，状语从句的结构是“从属连词+it+be 动词 +其它结构” ，状语从句结构中的“it+be 动词”可省略。它不同与分词和独立结构作状语的 结构；分词和独立结构作状语不是省略，是句法结构的改变。 2.名词性从句的省略 Could you tell me how I can go to Nantong?=Could you tell me how to go to Nantong? Today is Sunday. I dont kno
12、w what I will do.=Today is Sunday. I dont know what to do. 3.定语从句的省略 My mother gave me the money with which to buy the dictionary.=My mother gave me the money with which I bought the dictionary. 这样的定语从句省略一般用在介词加关系代词引导的限制性定语从句中且限制性定语从 句的主语和主句的主语保持一致或者限制性定语从句的主语在主句中一定有明显的暗示。 再 如： He wants to have his
13、own factory in which to produce such products. 不能把英语中的省略形式和替代混为一谈。替代是用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语、 短语或句子，其目的也是为了避免重复。如： The grocer sells ripe bananas, not green ones. (ones 替代上文的 bananas) -I hope you enjoyed yourself. -Yes, I did, thanks. 对话中的 did 替代上文的 enjoyed myself。 （yourself 变为 myself 是行文的需要） -Will you be ab
14、le to finish your report today? -I hope so. 对话中的 so 替代上文的句子。 so 和 not 常放在 think, believe, suppose 等动词后面替换句 子的一部分或整个句子，是高考的常考点。 “I hope not.”和“I dont think so.”是英语中司 空见惯的句子。 so 的这种替代常和延续肯定搭配，构成英语中的一种重要句型。如： Li Ping went to Nantong yesterday; so did Wang Hai. If you join them in singing at the party,
15、so will I. 注意下面的对话： -Mary has made great progress recently. -So she has and so have you. 如果延续否定，则不能用 so,只能使用 neither 或 nor。如： Li Ping didnt go to Nantong yesterday; neither/nor did Wang Hai. If you dont join them in singing at the party, neither/nor will I.=If you dont join them in singing at the pa
16、rty, I wont, either. 巩固练习： 一选择正确答案 1. When _, the building will be used as a school for children from poor families. A. completed B. completing C. to be completed D. is completing 2. In our class Marys English is better than _. A. anybody else B. anybodys English C. anybody else D. anybody elses 3.
17、-Does your brother intend to learn to sing this song? -Yes, he intends _. A. so B. to C. that D. it 4. We must keep the factory _ poisonous gases into air. A. sending B. to send C. from sending D. send 5.-Susan, go on. Your sister is cleaning the yard. -Why _? John is sitting there doing nothing. A.
18、 him B. he C. I D. me 6. If you have a job， yourself to it and finally youll succeed. A. do devote B. dont devote C. devoting D. not devoting Keys: ADBCDA 解析： 1. 如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，状语从句的结构是“从属连词+主语+be 动词+ 其它结构” ，状语从句中的“主语+be 动词”可省略。 2. anybody elses 等于 anybody elses English, 避免 English 重复。 3.省略和前文相同的
19、动词短语。 4. keep sb doing 和 keep sb from doing 是完全不同的结构，不能乱省。 5. 作主语的人称代词 I 在省略了全部谓语或谓语动词时用宾格形式。 6. 此处应是祈使句，又谓语动词的强调要借助助动词。句意为：“如果你有了一份工作，付 出努力去做它，最后你定能成功。” 二用方框中词或短语的正确形式填空 hope so see you if so as it is so he was compare unless question wont isnt he Russian One more hour have know invite 1. Jane wont
20、 join us for dinner tonight and Tom_, either. 2. - What s the matter with Della? - Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _ . 3. He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, _? 4. We sometimes use the phrase “_” when saying Good bye to others. 5. Some of us spe
21、ak English, others _. 6. Some of you may have finished unit one. _, you can go on to unit two. 7. -Did you go to the party? -Id like to _, but I was too busy 8. It was believed that things would get worse, but _, they are getting better. 9. _ and Ill get the work finished. 10. -He ought to have been
22、 warned of the danger. -_, but he wouldnt listen to me. 11. _ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read and communicate. 12. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences, without noticing many similarities. 13. Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Sm
23、ith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. 14. _ invited, I will not go to her birthday party. 15. It is a shame for me to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. 1. wont 2. hopes to 3. isnt he 4. See you 5. Russian 6. If so 7. have 8. as it is 9. One more hour 10. So he was 11. Know 1
24、2. comparing 13. invite 14. Unless 15. questioned 三在下文的每一空白处填上一个词，注意使用省略的表示法。 Li Hua lives in a good family. His mother is a teacher, and (1)_ is his father. His parents are strict with their students, and strict in their work as (2) _. Li Huas parents are (3)_ the same age. They do what they can (4
25、)_ help Li Hua grow healthily and safely. Once, when Li Hua wanted to play football in the street, his parents told him not (5)_ because it was dangerous for him to do (6)_. As we all know, safety is of great (7)_ in our daily life. From this we can draw a conclusion (8)_ Li Huas parents help him fo
26、rm a good habit of (9)_ safe. Li Huas parents are good (10)_ at school and good parents at home. 1.so 2.well 3.of 4.to 5.to 6.so 7.importance/significance 8.that 9.being 10.teachers 新牛津高中英语语法讲练九新牛津高中英语语法讲练九 英语中的省略现象英语中的省略现象(ss) 在英语的口头和书面交际中，为了言简意赅，突出关键词语；有时为了避免重复；有时 因为语法的客观要求，省略句子中的一个或几个成分，这种现象称为省略。
27、英语中的省略是 有一定的原则的，要不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。英语的省略大致有以下 几种情况： （一）口头和书面语中为了言简意赅进行省略。如： Nice to meet you! (Its nice to meet you. 的省略，省略了形式主语和 be 动词) Lovely weather, isnt it? (省略了主语和 be 动词) Its such fine weather, why not go to swim in the river? (这种省略句比Why do you not go to swim in the river/Why dont you go to
28、 swim in the river?更地道。) 这种省略在使用时似乎需要一定的情景，也就是常和语境搭配。如： How they are working! (他们工作多起劲啊！) Your pardon? = I beg your pardon. Ready?=Are you ready? Who next? (Who comes next? 的省略，省略了谓语) Sit down, please! (祈使句主语不需要出现而省略) 在英语中，为了言简意赅省略小品词是一种语法要求。如： The boss made his men work eighteen hours a day. 该句中的不定
29、式中的 to 必须省略掉。 但是，该结构如果变成被动语态，to 又必须加上去。如： John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment. He spent three days doing the work. (动名词前的介词 in 通常省去) Excuse me (for) my poor hearing. (动名词前的介词 for 可省去) I think (that) physics is a difficult subject. (引导宾语从句的 that 常省略) The film (which) we saw las
30、t night was wonderful. (定语从句中， 关系代词作宾语常省略。 ) This is the reason (why) I did it. (定语从句中，关系副词 why 可省略。) Nothing can stop us (from) carrying out the plan. (stop sb from doing.中的 from 常省略。) 有时，这种省略在地道的英语中，句子表现得非常特别。如： Long time no see. (老久不见啦。) 其实等于 I havent seen you for a long time. -Does anyone know w
31、here Tom lives? -Me. （相当于 I know where Tom lives.） 作主语的人称代词 I 在省略了全部谓语或部分谓语时用宾格形式。 比较祈使句省主语的现象： Be careful! Never come late. (二) 为了避免和前文重复进行省略。如： Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who dont. 这句话中的比较状语从句中，为了避免重复，省略了谓语 drink more
32、 than two cups of coffee a day。如果不省略，反而表达不妥。再如： We will do what we can to help fulfill the work in time. (can 后省略了和前文重复的谓语 do) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. (该句省略了 不定式中和前文相同的动词原形短语。) Are you a student? Yes, I am. (一般疑问句回答时省略前文出现的成分) 有些动词对下文意思有隐藏的影响
33、，后面的不定式常省略。如： His answer seems (to be) right. The theory proved (to be ) true. We considered him (to be) an honest man. I find English (to be) easy to learn. 介词 but 后的不定式和作表语的不定式，它们前面出现了行为动词 do 的任何形式，还 有在 and 或 or 并列的第二个不定式中一定要省略 to。 In very cold weather, the hibernating animals have no choice but t
34、o lie down to sleep. In very cold weather, the hibernating animals do not have any choice but to lie down to sleep. He could do nothing but wait. All we want to do is inform him of the change of the plan. I dont know whether to stay or leave. （三）在一些特殊的场合，为了节省版面和空间，不是避免重复，也常使用省略。这种 省略常用在广告标牌、新闻标题、书面通
35、知等应用文体中。如： No Chinese here! 这里禁说汉语。意思相当于 No Chinese is spoken here! Insert here! 从此插入！意思相当于 You insert here(,please)!（饮料盒上常见的用语） Merry Christmas! 圣诞节快乐！意思相当于 I wish you merry Christmas! （五）在表达上为了删繁就简，对从句进行简化而省略。如： 1.状语从句的省略 If invited, I will go to his party. (If invited=If I am invited.) When possi
36、ble, Mr. Li will ask us some questions in English. (When possible=When it is possible) Though young, he knows a lo of things. (Though young=Though he is young) 归纳上面三个例句，可以得出这样的结论：如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致，状 语从句的结构是“从属连词+主语+be 动词+其它结构” ，状语从句中的“主语+be 动词”可 省略。如果状语从句的主语和主句的主语不一致，状语从句的结构是“从属连词+it+be 动词 +其它结构” ，状
37、语从句结构中的“it+be 动词”可省略。它不同与分词和独立结构作状语的 结构；分词和独立结构作状语不是省略，是句法结构的改变。 2.名词性从句的省略 Could you tell me how I can go to Nantong?=Could you tell me how to go to Nantong? Today is Sunday. I dont know what I will do.=Today is Sunday. I dont know what to do. 3.定语从句的省略 My mother gave me the money with which to buy
38、 the dictionary.=My mother gave me the money with which I bought the dictionary. 这样的定语从句省略一般用在介词加关系代词引导的限制性定语从句中且限制性定语从 句的主语和主句的主语保持一致或者限制性定语从句的主语在主句中一定有明显的暗示。 再 如： He wants to have his own factory in which to produce such products. 不能把英语中的省略形式和替代混为一谈。替代是用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语、 短语或句子，其目的也是为了避免重复。如： The gro
39、cer sells ripe bananas, not green ones. (ones 替代上文的 bananas) -I hope you enjoyed yourself. -Yes, I did, thanks. 对话中的 did 替代上文的 enjoyed myself。 （yourself 变为 myself 是行文的需要） -Will you be able to finish your report today? -I hope so. 对话中的 so 替代上文的句子。 so 和 not 常放在 think, believe, suppose 等动词后面替换句 子的一部分或整
40、个句子，是高考的常考点。 “I hope not.”和“I dont think so.”是英语中司 空见惯的句子。 so 的这种替代常和延续肯定搭配，构成英语中的一种重要句型。如： Li Ping went to Nantong yesterday; so did Wang Hai. If you join them in singing at the party, so will I. 注意下面的对话： -Mary has made great progress recently. -So she has and so have you. 如果延续否定，则不能用 so,只能使用 neith
41、er 或 nor。如： Li Ping didnt go to Nantong yesterday; neither/nor did Wang Hai. If you dont join them in singing at the party, neither/nor will I.=If you dont join them in singing at the party, I wont, either. 巩固练习： 一选择正确答案 1. When _, the building will be used as a school for children from poor familie
42、s. A. completed B. completing C. to be completed D. is completing 2. In our class Marys English is better than _. A. anybody else B. anybodys English C. anybody else D. anybody elses 3. -Does your brother intend to learn to sing this song? -Yes, he intends _. A. so B. to C. that D. it 4. We must kee
43、p the factory _ poisonous gases into air. A. sending B. to send C. from sending D. send 5.-Susan, go on. Your sister is cleaning the yard. -Why _? John is sitting there doing nothing. A. him B. he C. I D. me 6. If you have a job， yourself to it and finally youll succeed. A. do devote B. dont devote
44、C. devoting D. not devoting 二用方框中词或短语的正确形式填空 hope so see you if so as it is so he was compare unless question wont isnt he Russian One more hour have know invite 1. Jane wont join us for dinner tonight and Tom_, either. 2. - What s the matter with Della? - Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go t
45、o the party, but she still _ . 3. He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, _? 4. We sometimes use the phrase “_” when saying Good bye to others. 5. Some of us speak English, others _. 6. Some of you may have finished unit one. _, you can go on to unit two. 7. -Did you go to the party? -I
46、d like to _, but I was too busy 8. It was believed that things would get worse, but _, they are getting better. 9. _ and Ill get the work finished. 10. -He ought to have been warned of the danger. -_, but he wouldnt listen to me. 11. _ more words and expressions and you will find it easier to read a
47、nd communicate. 12. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences, without noticing many similarities. 13. Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. 14. _ invited, I will not go to her birthday party. 15. It is a shame for me to say it,
48、but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. 三在下文的每一空白处填上一个词，注意使用省略的表示法。 Li Hua lives in a good family. His mother is a teacher, and (1)_ is his father. His parents are strict with their students, and strict in their work as (2) _. Li Huas parents are (3)_ the same age. They do what they can (
49、4)_ help Li Hua grow healthily and safely. Once, when Li Hua wanted to play football in the street, his parents told him not (5)_ because it was dangerous for him to do (6)_. As we all know, safety is of great (7)_ in our daily life. From this we can draw a conclusion (8)_ Li Huas parents help him form a good habit of (9)_
