1、英语词法篇 初高中英语衔接课 考一考:说出下文单词各自的词性(词类)考一考:说出下文单词各自的词性(词类) Cars are a very helpful tool to us. With one car, people can travel here and there, but it may cause terrible accidents if we dont drive carefully. Oh, careful driving is really important. 词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成 十个大类。 1 名词名词 noun (n.) student
2、 学生学生 2 代词代词 pronoun (pron.) you 你你 3 形容词形容词 adjective (adj.) happy 高兴的高兴的 4 副词副词 adverb (adv. )quickly 迅速地迅速地 5 动词动词 verb (v.) cut 砍、割砍、割 6 数词数词 numeral (num. )three 三三 7 冠词冠词 article (art. )a 一个一个 8 介词介词 preposition (prep. )at 在在. 9 连词连词 conjunction (conj. )and 和和 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection (interj.)
3、oh 哦哦 前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词 口诀助记:名代动形副,介连冠感数口诀助记:名代动形副,介连冠感数 名词的分类 名词的数 名词所有格 名词(NNounoun) 一. .名词的分类 类别类别意义意义例词例词 专有名词专有名词 表示特定的人、物、机构、场所 等的名词(首字母首字母通常通常大写大写) Bill Gates, the Great Wall, Sunday, Rome 普通名词普通名词 可数名词可数名词 个体名词个体名词表示某类人或事物的个体个体的词 teacher, pen, country, 集体名词集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集体集体的词, 指一群人
4、或一些事物 family, police, class, team, committee 不可数名词不可数名词 物质名词物质名词 一般为表示无法分割、不易数清、无法分割、不易数清、 某类事物总称或学科某类事物总称或学科的名词 water, milk, salt, paper, tea, furniture, traffic, biology 抽象名词抽象名词 表示动作、状态、品质、性质、动作、状态、品质、性质、 行为、感情行为、感情等抽象概念抽象概念的词 knowledge, advice, courage, information, friendship 二、名词的数 构词情况构词情况复数构
5、成形式复数构成形式例词例词 一般情况一般情况加加-s maps, days, Canadians, 以以s, x, ch, sh,结结尾尾加加-es buses, watches, boxes, brushes 以以o结尾结尾 一般一般加加-s的名词的名词 radios, zoos, bamboos, studios 一般加一般加-es的名词的名词 heroes, negroes, tomatoes, potatoes 既可加既可加-s,也可加,也可加-es cargo货物,货物,volcano火山火山, motto座右铭座右铭 以以y结尾结尾 辅音字母辅音字母+y结尾,变结尾,变y为为i再加
6、再加-es factory-factories, century-centuries 元音字母元音字母+y结尾结尾 ,直接加,直接加-s boys, days, toys, holidays 以以f或或fe结尾结尾 变变f或或fe为为v再加再加-es thief-thieves, life-lives, leaf-leaves, 多数直接加多数直接加-sbeliefs, roofs, safes, proofs, cliffs 既可直接加既可直接加-s, 也也可变可变f或或fe为为v再再 加加-es handkerchief手帕手帕, scarf围巾围巾 1、可数名词复数规则变化 2. 可数名
7、词复数不规则变化 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese, childchildren, mousemice 3. 单复数形式相同的名词 deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, means, species series, aircraft, spacecraft 4. 合成名词的复数形式 shoe factoryshoe factories woman teacherwomen teachers passer-by _looker-on _ grown-up _sister-in-law
8、_ passers-bylookers-on grown-ups sisters-in-law 1. 由“量词+不可数名词”表达 a piece of paper two pieces of paper 2. 可修饰不可数名词的词: some,much,a lot of, lots of, plenty of, little,a little,a bit of ,a great deal of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, quantities of 5 5、不可数名词的量 1. We didnt need to do so many hom
9、ework.(2014年全国卷I) 2. Much rare animals are dying out. (2015年全国卷I) 3. It doesnt cost many.(2016年全国卷II) 4.They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.(全国卷) much Many much questions 5. We study quite a few subject, such as maths, Chinese, English and physics. (全国卷)(全国卷)
10、 6. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month. (全国卷)(全国卷) 7. Nowadays millions of people of all age take pleasure in a hobby (全国卷)(全国卷) subjects months ages 三. .名词的所有格 名词所有格名词所有格 加加-s/-s 名词单数形式名词单数形式,用用s,表示表示,如如: the girls books 复数形式复数形式,一般在末尾加一般在末尾加,如如:teachers books;不规则复数名词后不规则复数
11、名词后 加加s,如如the childrens toys, Womens day 以以s s结尾的人名所有格加结尾的人名所有格加s s或者或者,如如: : Dickens/Dickenss novels 表示各自的所有关系时表示各自的所有关系时, ,各名词尾加各名词尾加s s如如JaneJanes and Marys and Marys s fathersfathers;表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加;表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加s s,如,如Jane and Jane and MaryMarys fathers father 表示时间、距离、国家、城市,表示时间、距离、国家、城市,
12、自然现象等自然现象等无生命的名词也可无生命的名词也可 用用s形式来表示其所有关系,如:形式来表示其所有关系,如:three minutes walk 复合名词在最后的名词后加复合名词在最后的名词后加s,如,如brother-in-laws books 所有格后所接名词表示地点时候,地点名词可省略。如:所有格后所接名词表示地点时候,地点名词可省略。如:the doctors 借助介词借助介词of 无生命的物体的名词所有格常用无生命的物体的名词所有格常用of表示。如:表示。如:the cover of the book 双重所有格双重所有格如如a book of mine , an old fri
13、end of Toms 1. When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011年全国卷) 2. I first met Li Meng at a friend birthday party five years ago.(2007年全国卷) 3. For most of us the_ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work.(2016) 4. So youll feel a sense of _ (achieve). (2016)
14、 5. Recent _ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short break regularly. (2016) friends friends changes achievement studies 不定冠词 a/an 定冠词 the 零冠词 冠词(ArtArticleicle) 一、不定冠词a/an 不定冠词有不定冠词有a和和an两种形式,两种形式,a用于辅音用于辅音音素音素开头的词前,开头的词前, an用于元音用于元音音素音素开头的词前。开头的词前。 In a university, a
15、European and a one-eyed man walked along a one-way road with a useful tool. This is a usual thing. An hour ago, an honest man walked on an island and accepted an honorable task. 1. 泛指泛指一个一个人或某物:人或某物:He saw a dog. 2. 泛指某泛指某一类一类人或物人或物: A horse is a useful animal. 3. 表示表示数量数量“一一”的意思的意思(但数的概念没有但数的概念没有on
16、e强烈强烈): I bought a book yesterday. 不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词的基本用法 4. 表示表示首次提到首次提到的人或物:的人或物:Long long ago, there was a king whose daughter was very beautiful. 5.用在用在序数词、序数词、形容词比较级、最高级前形容词比较级、最高级前:a second/third cup of tea (再一;又一)(再一;又一)a better life 更好的生活更好的生活 a most handsome young man = very handsome young man
17、6. 抽象不可数名词具体化抽象不可数名词具体化:a (big)surprise 一件令人惊讶的事一件令人惊讶的事 a (great) success一个(件)成功的人(事)一个(件)成功的人(事)a knowledge of English 英语知识英语知识 a coffee 一杯茶一杯茶 catch a heavy rain 淋了一场大雨淋了一场大雨 7.用在某些用在某些固定词组固定词组中:中:a lot of 许多,大量;许多,大量;after a while 过过 一会儿一会儿 as a matter of face 事实上事实上 二、定冠词the 定冠词the用法口诀 特指双方熟悉,上
18、文已经提及; 世上独一无二,方位名词乐器; 某些专有名词; 外加姓氏复数; 序数词最高级,习语用语特记。 不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词的基本用法 1.特指特指人或物人或物: Show me the photo of the boy. 2.谈话谈话双方都知道双方都知道的人或事物的人或事物: Open the window,please. 3.指指上文提到上文提到的人或事物的人或事物: I have a car. The car is red. 4. 指世界上指世界上独一无二独一无二的事物的事物: the sun/the earth 5. 序数词序数词, 形容词最高级前形容词最高级前: the fi
19、rst lesson, the easiest way 6. 某些专有名词某些专有名词前前: the Great Wall, the United States 7. 某些形容词某些形容词前前, 表示某一类人表示某一类人: the poor, the blind 8. 姓氏复数姓氏复数前,表示前,表示“一家人一家人”或或“夫妻俩夫妻俩”: the Greens 9. 方位词方位词前前: on the left 10. 西洋乐器名称西洋乐器名称前:前:play the piano 11. 江河湖海,山脉,群岛及国家和党派团体江河湖海,山脉,群岛及国家和党派团体等名词前等名词前: the Yang
20、zi River, the Party 12. 逢十的复数名词或年代、朝代逢十的复数名词或年代、朝代前前 in the fifties, in the 1870s 13. 动词动词+sb +介词介词(in/at/by) +the +身体部位身体部位 14. 用在某些固定词组中:用在某些固定词组中:by the way, in the open air, in the end 三、零冠词 零冠词用法口诀 下列情况应免冠,代词限定名词前; 专有名词不可数,学科球类和三餐; 复数名词表泛指,两节星期月份前; 颜色语种和国名,称呼习语及头衔。 不定冠词的基本用法不定冠词的基本用法 1.1.在大多数专有
21、名词在大多数专有名词, ,复数名词和不可数名词前表泛指:复数名词和不可数名词前表泛指: Tianan Men Square, water Tigers eat meat. 2.2.名词前已有物主代词(名词前已有物主代词(my,your,his,her等)、指示代等)、指示代 词(词(this/these,that/those)、不定代词()、不定代词(some,any等)及所等)及所 有格修饰时。有格修饰时。 3.3.在星期,月份,季节,节日前:在星期,月份,季节,节日前:on Sunday, in March, in spring, ,on Womens Day 4.4.在称呼,作表语、补语
22、、同位语的职位,头衔的名词前:在称呼,作表语、补语、同位语的职位,头衔的名词前: Tom, Mum They elected him president of the society. 5.5.在学科名称,三餐饭和球类棋类运动名称前在学科名称,三餐饭和球类棋类运动名称前: : stduy Maths/Chinese, have lunch, paly basketball/chess 6.6.与与byby连用的交通工具名称前:连用的交通工具名称前:by bus 7.7.固定搭配中:固定搭配中:in surprise, at noon, go to bed, day and night, cat
23、ch fire, on fire 四、用与不用冠词的差异 in hospital/prison 住院/住监/ in the hospital/prison 在医院/监狱里 go to school /church 上学/做礼拜 go to the school /church到学校/ 教堂 on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上,在世上 in front of 在(外部的)前面/in the front of在 (内部的)前面 take place发生/take the place(of)代替 at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船/by th
24、e sea在海边 out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的,办不到的 a third time 又一次/the third time第三次 a number of一些, 许多 the number of 的数目 in a way 某种程度上/in the way 挡路 be in charge of 负责/be in the charge of 由负责 单句改错 【2012全国全国】To deal with a problem, I think, we should first go all out to plant trees because t
25、rees will help save water. 【2014辽宁】辽宁】Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. 【2013 四川】四川】The teacher was angry because we had same answers in the test. 【2015课标课标】Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in countryside. 【2014新课标新课标】There are all kinds of the flowers and trees
26、around the classroom buildings. . 【2006福建】福建】We usually work only five hours a day, so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun. 【2006江西】江西】I am glad you have made such a great progress that you can write your e-mail in good Chinese. 【2011陕西陕西】He was right there in the fron
27、t of me! 【2017全国全国】They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. 【2009辽宁辽宁】So I went to sell newspapers after the school. 人称代词(主格和宾格) 物主代词(形容词性和名词性) 反身代词 代词(PronPronounoun) 相互代词 疑问代词 指示代词 不定代词 关系代词(引导定语) I memymine we usourours youyouyouryours hehi
28、mhishis sheherherhers itititsits theythemtheirtheirs 人称代词人称代词 主格主格 宾格宾格 物主代词物主代词 形容词性形容词性 名词性名词性 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself herself itself themselves 反身代词反身代词 1. 人称代词分为主格和宾格两种形式,主格在句中作主语,宾格作 宾语或表语,放动词、介词后。 The teacher said he was very proud of us students and we all like him very m
29、uch. 2. 形容词性物主代词修饰名词,名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性 物主代词+名词。 My idea is quite different from hers(=her idea). 3. 反身代词常用词组:by oneself 独自地 for oneself 亲自;为 自己 in onesllf 本质上;本身 enjoy oneself 玩的愉快 lose oneself 迷路 help oneself to 随便吃 The customer wanted to see the manager himself. 4. 相互代词 We should help each other .(两
30、者之间) We should learn from one another.(三者以上之间) The students corrected one anothers mistakes in their homework. 5. 疑问代词 Who/whom do you meet on the street? Whose pen is lost? Which do you like best? What happened then? 6. 指示代词 this/these(近指) that/those(远指) Such is my opinion. My opinion is just the s
31、ame. I think so. I like it. 7. 关系代词 引导定语从句,修饰或限定名词(先行词) 指人who/that, whom(宾格),whose(谁的) 指物 which/that, whose (谁的) Do you know the girl who/that is in red? This is the house which/that I visited yesterday? 6. 不定代词 one 复数为 ones some 肯定句;表示建议或请求的疑问句 any 否定句或疑问句 both 两者都 all 三者及以上都 each 两者及以上,强调个体 every
32、三者及以上强调整体 either 两者中的一个 neither 两者都不 no= not any none 三者及以上没一个 no one=nobody 没有人 another 三者及以上中的另一个 other 另外一些 the other 两者中的另一个(onethe other) others 很多中的其他的= other +名词复数 the others 剩下的所有=the other +名词复数 few/a few+可数名词复数 little/a little+不可数名词 somebody=someone/something anybody=anyone/anything nobody
33、=no one/nothing everybody=everyone/everything A boy was walking home from school when she saw a large, tempting (诱诱 人的人的) apple on the one of the branches of an apple tree hanging out over a tall Seeing the apple, the boy wanted them. He began to jump up and down, as high as he could, at the top of
34、either jump stretching his arms to get the apple.Still it remained out of reach. Not giving up, he thought, if only he had anything to stand on, but it was a tidy neighbourhood and there was none he could use.Without seeing any others choices, he gave up and started to walk away. However, the boy of
35、 our story was a pretty smart guy, even if he couldnt always get which he wanted. He started to say to him, “Theres nothing more I can do to get the apple-that is unchangeable-but we are supposed to be able to change his feelings. If thats the case, what can I do to feel better?” 形容词的基本用法 副词的基本用法 形容
36、词和副词形容词和副词 AdjAdjective ective and and AdvAdverberb 形容词或副词的原级, 比 较级和最高级的常用句型 形容词、副词相关疑难解析 1. 形容的基本用法形容的基本用法 1. 这是一座美丽的公园。这是一座美丽的公园。 Its a beautiful park. 2. 这个动物园既生动又有趣。这个动物园既生动又有趣。 The zoo is both moving and interesting. 3. 谁把窗开着的?谁把窗开着的? Who left the window open? 4. 他最终安然无恙地回来了他最终安然无恙地回来了 He final
37、ly came back, safe and sound. 【结论结论】形容词在句中一般作形容词在句中一般作定语定语(修饰名词修饰名词)、表语、补语、表语、补语、 状语状语(表示主语的状态表示主语的状态)。 一、形容词的基本用法 2. 形容词后置形容词后置 【完成例句完成例句】 1. 今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。今天的报纸没有什么新的东西。 There is nothing new in todays newspaper. 2. 他是当今世界上健在的最著名的科学家。他是当今世界上健在的最著名的科学家。 He is the most famous scientist alive in the w
38、orld today. 3. 你还知道别的什么?你还知道别的什么? What else do you know? 4.一个男人肩上扛着满满一袋的米。一个男人肩上扛着满满一袋的米。 A man carried a bag full of rice on his back 【结论结论】形容词一般作前置定语,但在下列情况作后置定语:形容词一般作前置定语,但在下列情况作后置定语: (1)修饰不定代词时;修饰不定代词时;(2)当表语形容词当表语形容词alone, awake, alive, asleep, alike等作等作 定语时;定语时;(3)else修饰疑问代词和不定代词;修饰疑问代词和不定代词;
39、(4)形容词构成的短语作定语。形容词构成的短语作定语。 3. 多个形容词排序多个形容词排序 【完成例句完成例句】 1. 大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。大厅里有一张大的圆会议桌。 There is a big round conference table in the hall. 2. 她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。她丢了一只小的闪亮的黑色皮包。 She lost a small shiny black leather handbag. 3. 我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。我想买一辆蓝色德国赛车。 I wanted a blue German sports car. 【结论结论】常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如
40、下:常见形容词顺序归纳为口诀如下:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄与新老,限定描绘大长高,形状年龄与新老, 颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。即:限定词即:限定词(冠词、代词、数词等冠词、代词、数词等) 描绘描绘 性形容词性形容词(beautiful、interesting)大小、长短、高低形容词形状、年龄、大小、长短、高低形容词形状、年龄、 新旧形容词颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词用途、类别形容词新旧形容词颜色、国籍、出处、材料形容词用途、类别形容词 中心名词。中心名词。 1副词的种类副词的种类 时间副词时间副词now, today, recently, late, so
41、on, yet等。等。 频率副词频率副词often, always, usually, seldom, frequently等。等。 地点、方向副词地点、方向副词 away, abroad, anywhere, downstairs, home, here, there等。等。 方式副词方式副词clearly, carefully, alone, high, quickly等。等。 程度副词程度副词 almost, a little, much, very, rather, quite, fairly, deeply等。等。 疑问连接副词疑问连接副词when, where, why, how等
42、。等。 否定副词否定副词not, hardly, scarcely, rarely, never等。等。 其他副词其他副词even, also, only, too, perhaps等。等。 二、副词的基本用法 二、副词的位置二、副词的位置 【完成例句完成例句】 (1)这本书是很有趣的。这本书是很有趣的。 This book is quite interesting. (2)这男孩已够大,可以上学了。这男孩已够大,可以上学了。 The boy is old enough to go to school. (3他总是乐于助人。他总是乐于助人。 He is always ready to help
43、 others. (4)我永远也忘不了那天。我永远也忘不了那天。 I will never forget that day. (5)幸运的是,他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。幸运的是,他没有被淹死而是被解放军救了起来。 Fortunately, he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA men. 副词修饰形容词时,应放在被修饰的词 之前,但enough必须置于其后。 频率副词(always, often, usually, never, seldom, hardly, 等)要放在实义动词之 前,be动词、助动词、情态动词之后。 连接副词或修饰整个
44、 句子做评论性状语的 副词多置于句首,作 评注性状语。 名称名称结构结构例句例句 相等相等 as+原级原级+asMiss Xu speaks English as fluently as you. as+原级原级+a/an+单数名词单数名词+as He is as honest a man as you . as many+名词复数名词复数+as; as much+不可数名词不可数名词+as I have as many books as you. 倍数倍数+ as+原级原级+ a This room is three times as large as that one. 不及不及 not
45、as/so+原级原级+as This building looks not so (as) high as that one. less+原级原级+than This room is less beautiful than that one. 三、形容词或副词的原级, 比较级和最高级的常用句型 超超 过过 比较级比较级+than Health is more important than wealth. the+比较级比较级+of the two,表,表 示示“两者中较两者中较的一个的一个” He is the taller of the two. 否定词否定词 + 比较级比较级 no+比较级
46、比较级+than,表示,表示“两两 者都不者都不” This book is no more interesting than that one. 再再不过(可译为不过(可译为“非常,非常, 十分十分”) His work couldnt be worse. 程度递程度递 增增 -er+and+-er,more and more+多音节词原级,表示多音节词原级,表示 “越来越越来越” The weather is getting colder and colder. The girl becomes more and more beautiful. 注:形容词、副词比较级可用much, eve
47、n, far, a little, a lot, a bit , rather , still, much, even, far, a little, a lot, a bit , rather , still, a great deal a great deal 等修饰 两种情况两种情况 同时变化同时变化 the+比较级,比较级,the +比较比较 级,表示级,表示“越越, 越越” The harder he works, the happier he feels. 三者或三三者或三 者以上者以上 比较比较 the+最高级最高级+of/ in + 比较比较 范围,表示范围,表示“之中之中 最
48、最” Of all things in the world, people are the most precious. one of the +最高级最高级+可数可数 名词复数,表示名词复数,表示“ 中最中最之一之一” This is one of the most important events in modern history. 1. -ed形容词和形容词和-ing形容词的区别形容词的区别 -ed形容词一般修饰人,意为形容词一般修饰人,意为“感到感到”;-ing形容词一般修饰物,意为形容词一般修饰物,意为 “令人令人的的”:interested /interesting; excit
49、ed /exciting; frightened /frightening; surprised /surprising; pleased /pleasing; moved /moving; disappointed /disappointing等。等。 注意:注意:-ed形容词也可以修饰物,指与该事物相关的人;形容词也可以修饰物,指与该事物相关的人;-ing形容词用以形容词用以 修饰人,也是指此人具有该性质或特征。修饰人,也是指此人具有该性质或特征。 He told me the news in an excited voice. She gave me a determined(坚定的坚定
50、的) look. The man is interesting. He is a disgusting(令人恶心的令人恶心的) man. 2. 下列单词以下列单词以“ly”结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:结尾,但却是形容词而非副词:friendly、lively、 lonely、lovely、deadly(致命的)(致命的)、ugly、silly(傻的)(傻的)、likely(可能可能 的的)、brotherly(兄弟般的兄弟般的)、timely(及时的及时的)、monthly(每月的每月的)等。等。 3.两种形式的副词两种形式的副词 有些副词有两种形式,其中一种形式与形容词相同,另一种形式是有些