1、句句 子子 成成 分和基本句型分和基本句型 1.何谓句子和句子成分何谓句子和句子成分 3.常见句子类型常见句子类型 2.简单句结构简单句结构 翻译并指出其语言单位名称 1. a heavy rain 2. in the laboratory 1 什么叫句子？什么叫句子？ 一场大雨 名词短语 3. a man always writing articles 一个常写文章的人 名词短语 在实验室 介词短语 4. very healthy 5. see a film 很健康 形容词短语 6. Mr. Li will visit you at 2:00 p.m. 李先生下午两点会来拜访你。 句子 看电
2、影 动词短语 7. Stand up ！ 站起来！ 句子 1 什么叫句子？什么叫句子？ 一个主谓结构就是一个句子。通常， 主语和谓语是句子必不可少的两个组成 部分，祈使句可省略主语。 1 什么叫句子？什么叫句子？ 英语的英语的基本基本成分有成分有七七种：种： _ _ _ 和和_ 主语主语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、 表语表语（predicativepredicative）、）、 宾语宾语（objectobject）、）、 定语定语（attributeattribute）、）、 状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)
3、补语补语（complementcomplement）。）。 我们先了解一下主语，谓语，宾语，表语。 2 句子成分有哪些？句子成分有哪些？ 1. 1. 主语主语 ( Subject )( Subject ) 表示句子说的是“什么人” 或 “什么事”。 通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。 eg： 1. My teacher hates telling lies.（指老师这个人） 2. Great changes have taken place in China in the past thirty years. （所发生的事情 巨变） 3.She likes music. 4.Doi
4、ng exercise is good for your health. 2. 谓语谓语 ( Predicate ) 说明主语“做什么” “是什么” 或 “怎么样”。 通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。 要弄清两个概念： 及物动词(vt)：后面直接接宾语的动词； 不及物动词(vi)：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。 eg： 1. Children like playing games. 2. They were talking about a new film. 3. If I were you, I would help him. 4. Jim was taken to hospit
5、al. 3. 宾语宾语 ( Object ) 常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整的词 或短语。常由名词、代词、动词不定式或动 名词短语等充当。 例如： 1. She has finished doing the experiment. 2. We like English and are good at it. 3. He wanted to go there. 4. Please help yourself. 4. 表语表语 ( Predicative ) 与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质 特征等。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语 或从句等充当。 例如： 1. Her grand
6、father is an engineer. 2. The two countries were at war then. 3. The West Lake is very beautiful. 4. Is it me? Your final score is 90. 系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等，表情况； get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表变化。 be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。 其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 多可用作连系动词：多可用作连系动词：look welllook well面色好面色好, sound , soun
7、d nicenice听起来不错听起来不错, feel happy, feel happy感觉开心，感觉开心，smell bad smell bad 难闻难闻, , taste goodtaste good 尝起来味道好尝起来味道好 二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有以下 三种类型： 1、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一 个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 2、并列句：并
8、列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个 或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late , so we must hurry. 3、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。 如：If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 五种简单句基本句型五种简单句基本句型 掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 一：一： （主谓）（主谓） 二：二： （主系表）（主系表） 三：三： （主谓宾）（主谓宾） 四：四： （主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾） 五：五： （主谓宾
9、宾补）（主谓宾宾补） 基本句型基本句型 一：一： （不及物动词）（不及物动词） 1. The sun rose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词， 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 基本句型基本句型 二：二： （主系表）（主系表） 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都 不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语
10、 身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的 意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. *There be 结构： There be 表示存在有。这 里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里
11、 混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物 试比较：There is a boy over there.（那儿有一 个男孩。） 前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。 基本句型基本句型 三三:(及物动词及物动词)（主谓（主谓 宾）宾） 此句型句子的共同是：谓语动词， ，但不能表达完整的意思， ，即动作的承受者，才能使意 思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admit
12、s that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四四:（主谓间宾直（主谓间宾直 宾）宾） 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：buy, find, bring, give, teach, tell, lend, offer, promise, give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常 一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。 -Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please. （及物）（及物） （多指人）（多指人） （多指物）（多指物） S
13、he ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 注意： 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导的短语，这类 动词有give, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write, throw, sell, email等，表示动作是对 谁做的。如： C
14、an you lend us your car? =Can you lend your car to us? 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语，这 类动词有buy, play, get, make, order, choose, sing, pay等，表示动作是为谁做的。如： My uncle bought me a watch. =My uncle bought a watch for me. 一 找出下列句中的直接宾语。 She gave me her telephone number. Bring me some water, please. Ill make you som
15、e fresh tea. He sang us a folk song. She showed me her paintings. 二 改为同义句 6 Tom gave me a nice pen. Tom_ a nice pen_ me. 7 My mother bought my little sister a pink shirt. My mother_ a pink shirt_ my little sister. 8 She cooked us a delicious meal. She _ a delicious meal _us. 9 Tim showed me his nice
16、 T-shirt. Tim_ his nice T-shirt_ me. 10 She made me a cup of coffee. She_ a cup of coffee_ me. gaveto boughtfor cookedfor showedto madefor 基本句型基本句型 五五: （主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补） 此句型的句子的是：动词虽然是及物动词， 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上 一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成 分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不 定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等,它与宾语构成 主
17、谓关系或动宾关系。 The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher ask the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road. 名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词 （及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语） （宾补）（宾补） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This
18、set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. 句子翻译。 1.他们请我和他们一起去。 2.我刚才看见她在跟Jane谈话。 3.你认为这部电影精彩吗？ 4.你建议我做什么？ 5.你注意到他进来了吗？ They asked me to go with them. I saw her talking with Jane just now. Do you think the film wonderful? W
19、hat did you advise me to do? Did you notice him come in? a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._ 2, She smiled._ 3. I have a lot work to do._ 4. His job is to train swimmers._ 5. He noticed a man enter the room._ 6. Please look at the picture._ d a e b e c 但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，
20、 除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分 的前面或后面增加一些的前面或后面增加一些而加以扩大。这些而加以扩大。这些 修饰语可以是修饰语可以是（adj./adv./num.adj./adv./num.数词）数词） 、 （主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。 我们称之为：我们称之为： The The littlelittle boy needs a boy needs a blueblue pen. pen. 定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起、作用的词、短语或作用的词、短语或 句子，译为句子，译为常
21、由形容词、形容词性物常由形容词、形容词性物 主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式 或分词短语等充当或分词短语等充当。 常放位置：常放位置： 定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的。 复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之后；）之后； 不定式不定式/ /分词短语分词短语/ /从句作定语从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成时要放在被修饰的成 分后；分后； 副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词。 Two boys need two pens. His name is Tom. T
22、he boy in blue is Tom. The boy there needs a pen. The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today. The pen bought by her is made in China. The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状语：二、状语： 状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的句的句 子成分，说明子成分，说明方式方式、因果因果、条件条件、时间时间、 地点地点、让步让步、方向方向、程度程度、目的目的等等 -The boy needs a p
23、en now. -The boy needs a pen very much. 可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, ,不定式，分词，介词短语，不定式，分词，介词短语， 从句等从句等。 In the classroomIn the classroom, the boy needs a pen. , the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。 （地点状语）（地点状语） Before his motherBefore his mother, Tom is always a boy. , Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在
24、母亲面前, ,汤姆总是一个男孩子汤姆总是一个男孩子.(.(条件状语条件状语) ) On SundaysOn Sundays, there is no student in the , there is no student in the classroom. classroom. 星期天星期天, ,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(.(时间状语时间状语) ) 介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语： He sits there, He sits there, asking for a penasking for a pen. . 他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
25、Having to finish his homeworkHaving to finish his homework, the boy , the boy needs a pen.needs a pen. 因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因 状语）状语） FrightenedFrightened, he sits there soundlessly., he sits there soundlessly. （因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因 状语）状语） 分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：
26、 The boy needs a pen The boy needs a pen to do his homeworkto do his homework. . 男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语） To make his dream come trueTo make his dream come true, Tom becomes , Tom becomes very interested in business.very interested in business. 为实现梦想为实现梦想, ,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. . 不定
27、式作状语：不定式作状语： 一一) ) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the student
28、s in the school want Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.ill. ( (二二) ) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 - The old man felt very tired.- The old man felt very
29、 tired. - The leaves have turned yellow.- The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the - Soon They all became interested in the subject.subject. ( (三三) ) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 1. What is your given name?1. What is your given name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep 2.
30、 I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.the floor. 3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!shoe! ( (四四) ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children
31、 to read newspapers She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. She found it difficult to do the work. They call m
32、e Lily sometimes. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ( (五五) ) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to le
33、arn English when he was He began to learn English when he was eleven.eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if y
34、ouve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. V. V. 句子的分类（按用途）句子的分类（按用途） 句子按用途可分为：句子按用途可分为： 陈述句陈述句 （Declarative SentencesDeclarative Sentences） 疑问句疑问句 （Interrogative SentencesInterrogative Sentences） 祈使句祈使句 （Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences） 1.1. 感叹句感叹句 （Exclamatory SentencesExclamatory Sentences）
