1、2021暑假初高衔接暑假初高衔接 谓语动词与非谓语动词 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态 八种时态的用法和构成 7、The Present Perfect Tense （现在完成时） 2、 The Past Simple Tense （一般过去时） 3、 The Future Tense （一般将来时） 5、 The Present Continuous Tense （现在进行时） 6、 The Past Continuous Tense （过去进行时） 4、 The Future in the Past （过去将来时） 1、The Present Simple Tense （一般现在时） 常
2、用时间状语： often,always,sometimes,every day,on Sunday 例句： Guangzhou is 2313 kilometres away from Beijing. We have five lessons in the morning. The Present Simple Tense（一般现在时） 用法：1、现阶段经常性、习惯性动作; 2、目前的状态； 3、客观真理。 构成：主语是第三人称单数时，作谓语的行为动词要加词尾 -s(-es),其他人称和数用动词原形。 The Past Simple Tense（一般过去时） 用法：1、过去发生的动作; 2、
3、过去存在的状态。 构成：用动词的过去式。 常用时间状语：yesterday,two days ago,last week,in 1990 例句：He went to work by bus yesterday. Han Meimei was in the classroom a moment ago. The Future Tense（一般将来时） 用法：1、将来发生的动作; 2、将来存在的状态。 构成：1、助动词will(shall) +动词原形； 2、am(is,are) + going to 常用时间状语：tomorrow,next week,in two hours 例句：They w
4、ill (are going to) meet outside the school gate tomorrow afternoon. The people will not be pleased if you jump the queue. 备注： 一般现在时代替将来时。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用 The Future in the Past（过去将来时） 用法：从过去某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态 构成：1、助动词would +动词原形； 2、was,were + going to 常用时间状语：(the) next day,(the) next year,that aft
5、ernoon 例句：Linda said that she would (was going to) visit her uncle next Saturday. He wanted to know if they would go to the mountain village that afternoon. 备注： 常用于宾语从句中 The Present Continuous Tense（现在进行时） 用法：说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。 构成：am(is,are) +动词的现在分词 常用时间状语：now 例句：Kates parents are working in Canada no
6、w. Look, the child is playing in the street. 备注：将要发生的动作。come,go等动词的现在进行时形式可表示 The Past Continuous Tense（过去进行时） 用法：过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 构成：was(were) +动词的现在分词 常用时间状语：at four yesterday afternoon, at this time yesterday, 表示过去时间的状语从句 例句：He was mending his bike at ten oclock yesterday. The twins were sweep
7、ing the floor when the teacher came in. The Present Perfect Tense（现在完成时） 用法：1、到现在为止已经完成的动作;对现在还有影响。（已完成） 2、从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。（未完成） 构成：have(has) +动词的过去分词 常用时间状语：already,yet,just,ever,before,these years, since 1990,for ten years 例句： I have never heard of that before. The visitor has been here for two d
8、ays. Three months have passed since I arrived in Sydney. 备注：不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。 The Past Perfect Tense（过去完成时） 用法：1、到过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作;对过去还有影响。 2、从过去某时开始到另一个过去的时间为止的动作或状态。 构成：had +动词的过去分词 常用时间状语： 例句：We had learned 900 English words by the end of last term. The train had already left when they got to the
9、 station. When I arrived Kate had just left. 备注：有时没有时间状语，过去时间由上下文表示出来。 by ten last night ,by the end of last year, 表示过去时间的状语 时态的区别 一般时态与进行时态的区别 We _ (read) newspapers every day. She _ now _ (read) the newspaper. He _ (sing) well. He _ (sing) a revolutionary song(革命歌曲）. read isreading sings is singin
10、g 1）一般时态通常表示经常的动作或状态，而进行时态则表示在某一时刻或某段时间 正在进行着的动作； 2）一般时态表示主语的固有特征、能力等，而进行时态则表示主语在某一时刻或 某段时间内所进行的具体动作。 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别 She _ (write) a letter to her friend yesterday. She _ (write) a letter to her friend at nine oclock yesterday evening. She _ (write) a letter to her friend when her mother _ (come) ho
11、me yesterday evening. wrote was writing was writingcame 一般过去时通常表示过去发生的一个单纯的事实，而过去进行时则表示在过去某一 时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 1) I _ (lose) my pen. Can I borrow yours? She _ (lose) her pen yesterday. 2) My sister _ (see) the film twice. She _ (see) the film last week. 3) A: _ you _ (have) your lunch?
12、B: Yes, I _. A: When _ you _ (have) it? B: I _ (have) it an hour ago. have lost lost has seen saw Have had have did have had 现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在 的关系，如对现在的结果、影响等，而一般过去时则表示动作发生在过去，不一定表示 和现在的关系。 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 1) Deming _(go) to bed at 9:00 last night. His mother _(come) back at 10:0
13、0. Deming _(go) to bed before his mother _(come) back. 2) Uncle Li _(miss) the train yesterday, because the train _(leave) when he _(get) to the station. 过去完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作，但过去完成时强调这一动作到过去 某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作（即强调过去的过去），对过去有影响。 went came had gone came missed had left got 1. Toms uncle _ as a chemist
14、ry teacher in a school. 2. He _ there since Tom was born. 3. He _ there more than thirty years ago. 4. He _ in the science lab when Tom called last night. 5. He said he _ in the lab for two hours. 6. Now he _ in the lab. 7. He said he _ there for three more years. 8. He _even harder in the coming th
15、ree years. works has worked worked was working had worked is still working would work will work 1. Betty _ TV this time last night. 2. The Shutes usually _ supper at 6:30. 3. Mrs Green _ back in half an hour. 4. The boys _ football on the playground now. 5. Mr White _ to him several times already. 6
16、. Lucy _ the classroom twenty minutes ago. 7. The little girl _ 300 English words by the end of last month. was watching have will come are playing has talked left had learned 练习 1、Her father _ (know) Beijing very well because he _ (be) there many times. Now he _ (tell) the boys something about the
17、Great Wall. 2、Our maths teacher isnt here now. She _ (go) to the library. She _ (return) in fifteen minutes. 3、The students _ (pick) apples on the farm when it suddenly _ (begin) to rain yesterday. 4、Lin Tao often _ (go) back to his home town. He _ (be) there many times. 5、_ you _ (go) for a picnic
18、with us tomorrow? I _(go) if it _ not _ (rain) tomorrow. If it _ (rain), I _ (stay) at home instead. knows has beenis telling has gone will return were picking began goes has been Will go will go does rain rains will stay 练习 6、I cant find my dictionary. _ you _(see) it anywhere? 7、A: Look at my book
19、. It _ (be) very interesting. B: Where _ you _ (buy) it? A: I _ (buy) it at the bookshop near our school. B: _ you often _ (buy) new books at the bookshop?. A: Not very often.I usually _ (borrow) books from our school library. B: _ you _ (go) to the library tomorrow? A: Oh, I _ not _ (go) because I
20、_ just _(borrow) some books from the library. 8、I _ (listen) to the music when someone_(knock) at the door half an hour ago. Haveseen is didbuy bought Dobuy borrow Will go willgohave _ borrowed was listening knocked 二、英汉互译。 1李先生已经去了哈尔滨，他已经在哈尔滨两天了。 Mr.Lee has been to Harbin；he has been in Harbin for
21、two days. 2如果你不知道这个单词的意思，你可以查字典。 You can look up the word in the dictionary if you dont know the meaning of it. 3如果我们继续浪费这种能源，它将会耗尽。 This kind of energy will run out if we continue to waste it. 4School clubs are encouraging students to develop their personal interests. 学校俱乐部鼓励学生培养他们的个人兴趣。学校俱乐部鼓励学生培养
22、他们的个人兴趣。 5Tom and Jerry are so funny that I cant help laughing when I watch them. 汤姆和杰瑞是如此的搞笑，以至于我看到他们的时候忍不住笑了。汤姆和杰瑞是如此的搞笑，以至于我看到他们的时候忍不住笑了。 非谓语动词 非谓语动词到底是个啥？ 首先这是一个关于自己挖的坑，哭着也要跳下去的故事 曾经，英语国家的人们曾经立下一个flag. 啥意思呢？ 英语句子一般长这样： He washes his clothes. 他要边洗衣服边听歌怎么办呐？ 于是，英国人民又加入了“连词”。 He washes clothes and
23、listens to music. 可是,英国人们又想作一下。 他洗衣服，听歌，聊天，可是就是不想加连词怎么办 呢？ 英语国家的人们又再次陷入了沉思，这个问题就好比： 这个主意到了英语里，好像也行得通喔！ 在有动词，没连词的情况下，如果句子里再出现第二 个动词，那就这么办: 一个完整的英语句子里，有且只有一个 谓语动词，剩下的动词即非谓语动词。 非谓语动词的定义01 【一句一谓】 一个英语句子=一座后宫 一个谓语动词=一个皇后 剩下的动词是非谓语动词=别的女人是妃嫔 非谓语动词的一般式 一般式 意 义 动词不定式to do表目的或将来 动词ing形式doing表主动或进行 过去分词done表被
24、动或完成 Step 1:判断句子数量 Step 2:判断谓语动词数量 Step 3:找到非谓语动词 Step 4:指出非谓语动词的形式 判断非谓语四部曲： Although Jerry had nothing else to do, she turned down the invitation. Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time spent with his students. Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, exceeding the exp
25、ectation. The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, allowing more people to be treated. 找到非谓语动词并指出其形式 状语从句的省略 1.Ill buy a TV set if it is necessary. 2.She stood at the gate as if she was waiting for someone. 3.He was a swimmer when he was a child. 4.Though it is cold, he wore a shirt
26、. 5.While I was walking alone in the street, my name was called. 6.While I was walking walking alone in the street, I heard my name called. 什么时候可以省略?怎么省略? 状语从句的省略条件：当时间、条件、让步、方式 等状语从句的主语与从句主语一致（或者从句主语 是it）,且从句谓语有be动词时 将从句的主语和be动词一起省略。 1. _(要是给更多的关注), The boy could have turned out better. 2. A girl s
27、tood at the gate of the school as if _(跟老师讲话). If given more attention talking with a teacher 1.在以下状语从句的复合句中 l when，while，as, once，whenever引导的时间状语从句 l if，unless引导的条件状语从句 l though，although，even if ，even though引导的让步状语从句 l as though，as if，as引导的方式状语从句 再强调 若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同，且在谓语中含有be时， 常省略从句的主语和be。 2.满足
28、了以上省略条件 如果从句主语和谓语动词是主动关系，就用“连词+现在分词” 如果从句主语和谓语动词是被动关系，就用“连词+过去分词” Practis e 1.（2017全国卷二）Once，while_(work) overnight at a store，he let the homeless man sleep in his truck. 2. If _(accept) for the job, you will be informed soon. 3.While_(walk) the dog, he was careless and it got loose and was hit by a
29、 car. 当你过马路的时候，你必须要小心。 当水被加热的时候，会变成水蒸气。 Translation While/when (you are) crossing the street, you must be careful. If (it is) heated ,water can turn into vapour. 谢谢观赏 1.非谓语动词的构成形式； 2.非谓语动词的语法功能； 3.非谓语动词各种形式的正确应用。 1. Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park more beautiful. 2. Based on a real
30、 story, the movie is very moving. 3. To catch the early train, youll have to get up early. 4. Tell Mary that theres someone waiting for her at the door. 1. v-ing 2.v-ed 3.to do 它具有动词的特点，但在句子中 起着名词，形容词，副词的作用，可 以充当主语、 宾语、表语、定语、状 语等成分，即除了谓语之外的一切成 分。 学习目标学习目标: 1.依据非谓语动词解题四大步骤，完成相关检测 题； 2.做相关检测题，并总结非谓语动词
31、解题七大经 典原则； (一)分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与 非谓语”； 1._many times, but he still couldnt understand it. 2._many times, he still couldnt understand it. A. Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was told 3.It _ a hot day, wed better go swimming. 4._ a rainy day；we decided not to go there. A.to b
32、e B.being C.It being D.It was C A B D （二）找逻辑主语； 非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点， 其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。 找出逻辑主语，并总结： 1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl. 2.Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleagues about it. 3.She is reading a book found on the way. 一般来说，作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子 的
33、主语； 作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。 【小试牛刀】 1._ everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance. 2.Everything _into consideration, they ought to have another chance. A.to take B.Taking C.to be taken D.taken B D （三）分析语态； 即：在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主 语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。 1._the city center, we saw a ston
34、e statue of about 10 meters in height.(上海卷). A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached 2._from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.(陕西卷). A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see A A （四）分析时态； 即：在确定语态之后，分析非谓语动词动作在时间上 是过去、现在还是将来。 1.The building
35、_now will be a restaurant. 2.The building _ next year will be a restaurant. 3.The building _last year is a restaurant. A.having been built B.to be built C.being built D.built C B D 二、找逻辑主语 三、分析语态 四、分析时态 一、辨别“谓与非谓” 方法总结： 谓非谓，找主语，析语态，定时态 【Group 1】 1.With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken som
36、e money out of the bank （buy） presents for my dad.（全国卷 I ） 2.When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool) the house during the day.(2015全国 II 卷) 【原则一】用作目的状语或形容词后作状语时， 原则上要用 ； to buy to cool to do 【Group 2】 1.He had wonderful childhood, （tra- vel）with his m
37、other to all corners of the world. (安徽卷) 【原则二】用作伴随状语，原则上要 用 ； traveling v- ing 【Group 3】 1.It rained heavily in the south, (cause)serious flooding in several provinces.（天津卷） 2.He hurried to the booking office, only (find) that all the tickets had been sold out. （陕西卷） 【原则三】用作结果状语时，可用 ； 用v-ing，表示一定逻辑的
38、结果，即 ； causing to find v-ing or to do 结果在意料之中 结果在意料之外 用to do，表示非逻辑的结果，即 ； 【Group 4】 1.His first book (publish) next month is based on a true story.（陕西卷 ） 2. (give) more attention, the trees could have grown better. 【原则四】凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过 去分词（ ）；但是，如果所涉及的动作尚 未发生，则用不定式的被动式( )； 如果所涉及的动作正在进行，则用v-ing的被动式
39、( )； to be published Given v-ed to be done being done 【Group 5】 1. Faced with a bill for $10,000， .（陕西卷） A. John has taken an extra job B. the boss has given John an extra job C. an extra job has been taken D. an extra job has been given to John 【原则五】非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应 与 保持一致； 句子主语 【Group 6】 1.Dina
40、, (struggle)for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.（湖南卷 ） 【原则六】强调动作发生在主句谓语动词动作之前时， 原则上要用 ； （根据情况可用to do的 完成式或v-ing的完成式） having struggled 完成式 【Group 7】 1. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one (repair)first is the library. (重庆卷)
41、2. Mrs. White showed her student some old maps _ (borrow)from the library. （全国I ） 【原则七】用于名词后作定语时，原则上用 to do，表示 ；用v-ing，表示 ； 用过去分词，表示 。 to be repaired borrowed 尚未发生 正在进行 完成或被动 原则一：用作目的状语或形容词之后作状语，原则上用不定式. 原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上用v-ing. 原则三：用作结果状语，可用v-ing/ to do ,原则区别是： v-ing 表示自然而然的结果，to do 表示出乎意料的结果。 原则四：凡是有
42、被动意义时，原则上要用v-ed。 如果动作尚未发生，则用to be done； 如果动作正在进行，则用being done。 原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，原则上其逻辑 主语应与主句主语保持一致。 原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，原则上 要用完成式（v-ing 的完成式或to do的完成式） 原则七：用于名词后作定语，原则是：to do表示动作尚未发生； v-ing表示动作正在进行：v-ed表示动作完成或被动。 Practice 1. (hear) the bad news, they couldnt help crying. 2. (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder. 3. She watched the film, ( weep ). 4. (save) energy, we turn off the lights for Earth Hour on the last Saturday in March. 5.The witness (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. Hearing Encouraged weeping To save questioned
