1、1 高一定语从句详解 一、定义 1.定语 定语为句子的次要成分，起修饰限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般 由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子 充当。如： His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。 Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。 The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。 Abarking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。 2.定语从句 在复合句中，修饰某一名词名词，代词代词或者整个句子整个句子的从句
2、叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词 叫做先行词先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词叫做关系关系词词。如： Do you knowthe boywho is wearing a blue jacket? The skirtthat /which is made of silkis very expensive .I cant afford it. The number of the peoplewho/that own carsis increasing. 主句先行词定语从句 主句主句定语从句 2 二、定语从句分类 关系从句有限制性关系从句限制性关系从句和非限制性关系从句非限制
3、性关系从句之分。限制性关系从句起限定作用，修饰 特定的名词或名词短语；而非限制性关系从句只起补充说明某种信息的作用。 三、关系词 1.关系词分类 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词关系代词和关系副词关系副词。 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句 之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分，而且必须在定语从句中做成分必须在定语从句中做成分。 常见的关系代词包括 that, which, who, whom, whose。 关系副词包括 where, when, why。 关系词常有三个作用关系词常有三个作用： a.引导定语从句 b.代替先行词 c.定语从句中担当一个成分 2.关系代词用法 1）基
4、本用法 根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注 关 系 代 who人 主语， 宾语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which 和 that 在从句中做 宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提 前时后面关系代词不能省略，也 主句主句定语从句 3 2）只用 that 不用 which 的情况 a.在 there be 句型中，只用 that，不用 which。 b.在不定代词， 如： anything, nothing, the one, all 等作先行词时，
5、只用 that， 不用 which。 c.先行词有 the only, the very,the same,the last,just 修饰时，只用 that。 d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that,不能用 which。. e.先行词既有人，又有物时。 f.先行词指物，在主句中作表语时 g.为了避免重复 词不可以用 that whom人宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose人，物定语 I like those books
6、 whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物 主语， 宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which物 主语， 宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as
7、人，物 主语， 宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略 4 h.先行词是 the way 或 the reason 时，that 可作关系副词，也可省略 i.主句的主语是疑问词 who /which 时The man and his dog that I always meet are standing by the gate. 3）只用 which 不用 that 的情况 a.在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The t
8、ree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b.关系词是物时，定语从句由“介词关系代词 which”引导。如： The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important. 老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。 c.先行词本身是 that, those 时，如： Whats that which is flying in the sky? 在天空中飞的那是什么？ 4）关系代词关系代词 whom, which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和
9、介词一起放在先行词与定语可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语 从句之间从句之间。如： That is the place in which I lived for five years. =That is the place which / that I lived in for five years. 那就是我住过五年的地方。 Mr Zhang is the man for whom I am looking. =Mr Zhang is the man who / whom / that I am looking for. 张先生就是我正在找的那个人。 3.关系副词的用法 1）关系副词在句中作状语
10、。关系副词=介词+关系代词。 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 5 when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) a. where 指地点指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语用来表示地点的定语从句。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. b. when 引导定语从句表示时间时间。在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remem
11、ber the day when I first came to the school. The time when we got together finally came. 注表示时间表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用一词的定语从句只用 when 引导引导， 有时不用任何关系代词有时不用任何关系代词， 当然也不当然也不用用 that 引导。引导。 By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。 I still remember the first
12、time I met her. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她。 Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他带来了生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等，很多。 c. why 指原因指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy tod
13、ay. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”引导的从句替换引导的从句替换. The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, From the year when/in which he was going to school, he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 注： 介词后面的关系代词不能省略。 that 前不能有介词。 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同 6 关系副词 wh
14、en ,where 和 why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.
15、 四、介词提前的宾语从句（ 介词介词+关系代词关系代词+） 关系代词 which, whom 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，从句可有： 介词+ whichwhom 引出。 如： Great changes are taking place in the city which they live in . Great changes are taking place in the city in which they live. The film which Im speaking of is to be shown next week. The film of which Im speaking
16、 is to be shown next week. This is the teacher whom Ive learnt a lot from. This is the teacher from whom Ive learnt a lot. The man whom we sent the present to is a doctor of laws. The man whom to whom we sent the present is a doctor of laws. The situation which we had got into was very dangerous. Th
17、e situation into whichwe had got was very dangerous. 7 The policeman whom Mr Henry is talking with is a friend of mine. The police man with whom Mr Henry is talking is a friend of mine. 注： 1.定语从句里,当从句的谓语动词是不及物动词,而关系代词又要在从句里做宾语时,这个不 及物动词要带相应的介词.正常的语序是,该介词是紧跟在不及物动词后面的,但有时为了平 衡句子的结构,习惯将介词放在关系代词的前面,叫 “介
18、词前置” .但这不是硬性规定的,也可 以不前置。 2.另一方面,有些介词是与不及物动词紧密相连的,不能分开,如 loo for,look after,look at,get on（上车）,get off（下车）等,就不能前置。 3.介词一旦前置,则关系代词要用宾格（原来是 that 的要改为 which,原来用 who 的改为 whom）。 五、注意事项 1.how 不能引导定语从句,它可以作连接副词使用，引导名词性从句。如果先行词是 the way, 则可以用 in which、that 或省略关系词引导定语从句.如： I dont know how I can solve the prob
19、lem.（宾语从句） That is how he solved the problem.（宾语从句） That is the way in which/that he solved the problem.（定语从句） 也就是说 how = the way in which/that，所以 how 不能引导定从。 2.what 不能引导定语从句。 3.as 引导的非限制性定语从句： As 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定句型中，可置于主句前，也可置与主句后。的这种用法通常出现在一些固定句型中，可置于主句前，也可置与主句后。 as has been said before如之前所述 as may
20、be imagined正如想象的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 8 as has been already pointed out正如已经指出的那样 as we all can see正如我们看到的那样 as we know众所周知 as is often the case正如经常的情况那样 as I expected 就象我预料的一样 4.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1) 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切（删除之后影响整 个句子的表达） 和先行词关系不密切（是一种补充说明，删除后 不影响这个句子意思的表达）
21、 不用逗号分开一般用逗号分开 可用关系代词 that 引导不可用关系代词引导 That,who,which 等关系代词在从句中当 宾语时可以省略 关系代词不可以省略 可以代替（whom 做宾语时，可用 who 或 that 替代） 不能代替 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或 主句的一部分 修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，此时定语从句有 逗号分开。 2)关系代词 which 与 as 引导非限制性定语从句的区别。 a. which 与 as 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，which 引导定语从句要置于先行词后面，而 as 引导的定语从句位置相对灵活，可放在句首，也可以放在句后 eg.正像他所意识到的
22、那样，我对他非常有用 As he realized, I was very useful to him. 空气，众所周知，是一种气体 Air, as we know, is a gas. 9 他是个外国人，正像我从他口音判断的那样。 He was a foreigner, as I know form his accent. 他又来晚了，这一点使老板很生气 He came late again, which made his boss angry. b.当定语从句位于主句后面， 纯粹表示主句所述的内容， 往往用 which； 当定语从句中有 “如 同那样”的含义时，用 as 比用 which
23、更常见。 Eg.妈妈老把我当成小孩对待，让我无法忍受 Mummy always treats me just like a baby, which I cant bear. 事与愿违，这是常有的事 Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes, as is often the case. c.“介词+关系代词”结构的定语从句，必须用 which,不能用 as. Eg.我们周围有很多氧气，没有他们我们无法生存 There is a great deal of oxygen around us, without which we could not live. d.引导限制性定语从句时 which 与 as 的区别 定语从句前面有 such, as, the same 时，引导定语从句的关系代词用 as,不用 which. Eg 所需要的字典有许多都有了 There are as many dictionaries as needed. 他讲的那些故事我从没听过 I have never heard such stories as he tells. 我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困境 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago. 10
