1、2017-2014 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一） 试题 2017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试 英语（一）试题 SectionSection UseUse ofof EnglishEnglish Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a
2、resounding“yes!” 1helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegi
3、e Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6the participants susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold, and the researcher
4、s 9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13risk for colds thats usua
5、lly 14with stress, ” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps 15the feeling that others are there to help 16difficulty.” Some experts 17the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the b
6、onding hormone” 18it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19in the brain, where it 20mood, behavior and physiol
7、ogy. 1. A UnlikeB BesidesC ThroughoutD Despite 2. A equalB restrictedC connectedD inferior 3. A hostB viewC lessonD choice 4. A recallB forgetC avoidD keep 5. A collectingB affectingC guidingD involving 6. A onB inC atD of 7. A devotedB exposedC lostD attracted 8. A alongB acrossC downD out 9. A ima
8、ginedB deniedC doubtedD calculated 10. A servedB explainedC restoredD required 11. A ThusB StillC RatherD Even 12. A defeatsB symptomsC errorsD tests 13. A highlightedB minimized C controlledD increased 14. A associatedB equipped C presentedD compared 15. A assessB moderate C generateD record 16. A
9、in the face ofB in the form of C in the name ofD in the way of 17. A attributeB commitC transferD return 18. A unlessB becauseC thoughD until 19. A vanishesB emergesC remainsD decreases 20. A experiencesB combines C justifiesD influences 【译文】 The Health Benefits of Hugging（编者加） 拥抱的健康益处 每天一次拥抱，可以远离医生
10、吗？答案或许是个响亮的“是” 。 拥抱除了有助于感觉与你在乎的人紧密联系外， 其实还可以给你的身 心带来很多健康方面的好处。不管你信不信，一次温暖的拥抱甚至可 以帮助你在今年冬天免于生病。 在最近的一项包含 400 多个健康的成年人的研究中， 来自于宾夕 法尼亚州卡内基梅隆大学的研究人员们测试了感受到的社会支持和 收到的拥抱对参与者在暴露于病毒之后染上普通感冒方面的敏感性 的影响。感受到更多社会支持的人们更不太可能患感冒，而且研究人 员认为拥抱的减压效果解释了 32%的有益影响。甚至在那些感冒的人 群中，感受到更多社会支持并且更频繁收到拥抱的人，感冒症状相对 较轻。 卡内基梅隆大学心理学教授谢
11、尔登科恩认为： “拥抱保护压力之 下的人们免受越来越大的有关压力的感冒风险。 ”拥抱“是亲密度的 标志，并且帮助产生这种感觉，即面临困难时，其他人将过来帮忙” 。 一些专家将拥抱的降压及与健康相关的好处归因于催生素的释 放，其经常被称作“结合激素” ，因为它推动依恋关系，包括妈妈和 她们的新生儿之间的关系。催生素主要产生于大脑中下部，一部分被 释放到血流中。 但是另外一些催生素残留在大脑里， 在此影响着心情、 行为和生理机能。 SectionSection ReadingReading ComprehensionComprehension Part A Directions： Read the
12、 following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 First two hours, now three hoursthis is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.
13、S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But deman
14、ding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret
15、check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weaponsboth fake and realpast airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airp
16、orts such as Chicago s O Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has becomebut the lines are obvious. Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.
17、 Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this. There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remo
18、deling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving
19、time for everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreChecks fatal
20、flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways. The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling pub
21、lic suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work. 21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to A stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide. B explain Americans tolerance of current security checks. C highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. Air
22、ports. D emphasize the importance of privacy protection. 22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports? A New restrictions on carry-on bags. B The declining efficiency of the TSA. C An increase in the number of travelers. D Frequent unexpected secret checks. 23. The word “ex
23、pedited” (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to A quieter. B faster. C wider. D cheaper. 24. One problem with the PreCheck program is A a dramatic reduction of its scale. B its wrongly-directed implementation. C the governments reluctance to back it. D an unreasonable price for enrollment. 25. Which of
24、the following would be the best title for the text? A Getting Stuck in Security Lines B PreChecka Belated Solution C Less Screening for More Safety D Underused PreCheck Lanes 【译文】 Hurry up and Wait（编者加） 焦急的等待 从起初的两个小时， 到现在的三个小时这是当局建议人们提 前到机场赶国内航班的时间， 至少在一些大规模警戒线日益增多的国 内机场，情况确实如此。 美国人乐意忍受费时的安检程序作为加强安
25、全的回报。 埃及航空 804 号班机可能是恐怖分子在地中海上空击落的，它的坠毁又一次悲 惨地提醒了我们这么做的原因。 但是航空旅客过多的需求和相应的安 全保障供给太少，削弱了公众对这一过程的支持。且被浪费掉的时间 拖累了美国的经济和个人生活，更不必说这一过程令人大怒。 去年，美国交通安全管理局在秘密检查中发现，秘密侦探能够通 过机场安全检查处偷运武器无论真假几乎每次尝试都能成 功。从那时起，加强的安全措施连同因经济的改善和低廉的石油价格 而增加的航空旅行导致了在主要机场排长队的现象， 比如芝加哥奥黑 尔国际机场。 目前还不清楚航空安全措施究竟变得多么高效但是 安检通道变得越来越长。 这一问题的
26、部分原因是政府没有预料到航空旅行的陡增， 所以美 国交通安全管理局正在匆忙地招募新的安检人员。另一部分原因是， 机场用作安检通道的空间只有这么多。还有一个因素，即更多的人尝 试对自己携带的提包进行第二次包装，以规避托运行李费，但航空公 司表示此举有极大的争议。 美国交通安全管理局可以采取一项措施， 无需改造机场或者匆忙 招工：让更多的人在预安检程序中登记。预安检对旅客和美国交通安 全管理局都有好处。通过背景检验的乘客能够使用快速安检通道。这 使得美国交通安全管理局重点关注高风险人士， 从而节省了大家的时 间。美国交通安全管理局希望登记 2,500 万人参加预安检。 而这一做法远远还没有实现，很
27、大部分的原因是标价冲击波：乘 客必须每隔五年支付 85 美元以进行背景检验。从一开始，价格问题 就是预安检的致命缺陷。 即将开展的改革可能把价格控制在合理的水 平。但是国会应该通过资助注册或者以其他方式降低成本，直接监督 这一过程。 美国交通安全管理局不能在大多数乘客正遭受不必要等待的同 时，继续把资源用在不充分的预安检通道上，使这个项目起作用，需 要耗费太多的时间。 Text 2 “The ancient Hawaiians are astronomers”, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last reigning monarch, in 1897.
28、Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protesters have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanitys view of cosmos. At issue is the T
29、MTs planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as thepiko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets
30、dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. Oppositions to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of occup
31、ation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Keas fragile ecosys
32、tems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today. Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon tha
33、t first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiin culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where w
34、e come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes. The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visib
35、ility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace
36、 their cultural heritage and to study the stars. 26. Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 indicates A her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy. B the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. C the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times. D her appreciation
37、 of star watchers feats in her time. 27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to A its geographical features. B its protective surroundings. C its religious implications. D its exciting infrastructure. 28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because A it may
38、 risk ruining their intellectual life. B it reminds them of a humiliating history. C their culture will lose a chance of revival. D they fear losing control of Mauna Kea. 29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in todays astronomy A is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians. B help
39、s spread Hawaiian culture across the world. C may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture. D will eventually soften Hawaiians hostility. 30. The authors attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of A severe criticism. B passive acceptance. C slight hesitancy. D full approval. 【译文】 On
40、Mauna Kea, Astronomers and Hawaiians Can Share the Skies （编者加） 在莫纳克亚山，天文学家和夏威夷人能够共享一方天 “古夏威夷人都是天文学家， ”夏威夷的最后一位执政君主利留 卡拉尼女王在 1897 年如此写道。观星师是夏威夷社会中最受人尊敬 的身份之一。 遗憾的是， 如今的天文学在夏威夷的状况却不尽如人意。 当地爆发了抗议活动，反对建造“30 米望远镜” （简称 TMT）一 座有望革新全人类宇宙观的巨大天文台。 引发争议的原因是，TMT 选定的台址是莫纳克亚山，这座休眠火 山被部分夏威夷人敬称为 piko，意为连接着夏威夷群岛与天堂的
41、地 方。不过莫纳克亚山也是世界上最强大的几座望远镜的所在地。坐落 于太平洋中的莫纳克亚山，峰顶凌驾于地球大部分的浓密大气之上， 让设于此处的天文望远镜能够获得清晰度超群的图像。 反对天文望远镜建在莫纳克亚山上并不是什么新鲜事。 一批人数 不多但积极发声的夏威夷人和环保主义者， 长年以来一直将这些望远 镜的存在视作对圣地的亵渎， 并认为其痛苦地提醒人们曾经的主权国 家遭受了占领。 有些人将目前的这场纷争归咎于天文学家。 他们急于修建更大的 望远镜，忘记了科学并非理解世界的唯一方式，没有优先考虑保护莫 纳克亚山脆弱的生态系统，忽视了它在岛上居民心目中的神圣地位。 夏威夷文化并不是历史的遗物；它是一
42、种正在复兴的活生生的文化。 然而科学也有自己的文化史， 根源可以一直上溯到文明的曙光初 绽之际。最初把早期波利尼西亚人带到夏威夷海岸的，是想知道海平 线的另一侧究竟有些什么的好奇心，而正是同样的好奇心，鼓舞着今 日的天文学家探索天空的奥秘。 拆除莫纳克亚山上所有天文望远镜或 禁止未来新建望远镜的呼声忽略了一个现实， 那就是天文学与夏威夷 文化都在寻找这几个终极问题的答案：我们是谁，我们从哪里来，又 要到哪里去。或许这就是我们探索星空的原因所在，就好像在回应一 种原始的呼唤，了解我们自己和我们真正的起源。 本着和解的精神，天文学界正在改变对莫纳克亚山的使用方式。 TMT 的台址选择最大程度地降低
43、了这台望远镜对岛的外观的影响，并 且极力避免在考古和环保方面的不良影响。 为了限制莫纳克亚山上的 望远镜数量，修建年代较早的望远镜将于到达使用期限后拆除，它们 的台址将会回归自然状态。 每个人都应该有权到莫纳克亚山拥抱当地 的文化遗产，研究天上的星星。 Text 3 Robert F. Kennedy once said that a countrys GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GD
44、P already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By mo
45、st recent measures, the UKs GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects? A rece
46、nt annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just
47、 focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing. While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there ha
48、s been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isnt the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures inclu
49、ding civil society, income equality and the environment. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a countrys success, the world looks very different. So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for
50、measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomesall things that contribute to a person s sense of well-being. The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK c
