1、<p>一that 引导的定语从句1. 由 that 引导的定语从句(1) 在 that 引导的限制性定语从句中，当 that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语（作宾语时可省略）。例如：He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词 the man，that 在从句中作主语）I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词 stories，that 在从句中作主语）T
2、he dress (that) Ann bought doesnt fit her.Ann 买的衣服不合身。（定语从句修饰先行词 the dress，that 在从句中作宾语，可省略）Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词 anything，that 在从句中作宾语，可省略）2. 不能用 that 的情况(1) 只能用 who 的情况1) 在非限制定语从句中。例如：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈非常地爱他，对他要求很严格
3、。2) 先行词是 one，anyone，those 且指人时。例如：One who has nothing to fear for himself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。Anyone who breaks the law should be published.任何犯法的人都应该受到惩罚。Those who are against the plan put up your hands please.反对这项计划的人请举手。(2) 只能用 which/whom 的情况1) 在非限制性定语从句中。例如：The weather was very t
4、errible, which we hadnt expected.天气非常糟糕，这是我们所没有料想到的。2) 在定语从句中作介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。例如：Sound is a tool, by means of which people communicate with each other.声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。A lot will be expected from people to whom a lot is given.被给予很多的人同时也肩负很多期待。3. 只能用 that 的情况在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用 that 引导；(1)当先行词指物
5、且为 everything，anything，nothing，all，none，few，little，much，some 等不定代词或被 all,any,every,no,much,little,few修饰时，例如：Everything that they said was true.他们所说的一切都是真的。He is dead and theres nothing that can be done.他死了，再也没有什么办法了。There was little that we could do to help her.我们没有什么能帮助她的。(2) 当先行词指物且被序数词、形容词最高级或 th
6、e only，the very，the right，the last 等词修饰时。例如：The parks are the cleanest parks that you can imagine.这些公园是你能想象的最干净的公园。This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy.这正是我要买的语法书。(3) 当先行词既有人又有物时。例如：The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered.掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。(4) 先行词在句中作
7、表语，且关系代词在从句中也作表语时。例如：China is no longer the country that she was.中国不再是从前那个国家了。He is not the man (that) he seems.他这人不可貌相。(5) 当先行词为 who 或句中有 who/which 等疑问代词时。例如：Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense?有常识的人谁会相信这种无稽之谈？Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？Which is the T-sh
8、irt that fits me most?哪件 T 恤衫最适合我？二which 引导定语从句1. 由 which 引导的限制性定语从句中，which 指无生命的物体或动物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语。做宾语时常可省略（跟在介词后作宾语时不能省略）。例如：English is a language which is easy to learn.英语是一门容易学的语言。(which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略)The children like cookies (which) my wife makes.孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词 which 作 makes 的宾语，可以省略)This
9、is the company with which we signed the agreement.这是和我们签订合同的那家公司。(which 在介词后作宾语，不能省略)2. which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于 and this。例如：Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.Jim 通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。(定语从句修饰的是整个主句)3. “（表示物的名词/代词）+of which 引导的非限制性定语从句”（此结构的of which 修饰前面的名词、不定代词或数量词）。例如：It n
10、ow has 20,000 hectares of land, two-thirds of which are under cultivation.现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二已经耕种。4. which 在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。例如：John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Laketogether.John 在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing.周
11、末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。三that，which 引导定语从句. that，which 都是可以引导定语从句的关系代词，在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语（作宾语时可省去）；但是，which 只能指代表物的先行词，而 that 可以指代表物的先行词或表人的先行词。例如：This is the city (which/that) I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的城市。（which/that 作宾语，指代事物）A plane is a machine which/that can fly.飞机是一种可以飞的机器。 （which/that作主语，指代事物）Who
12、 is the man (that) she is talking to?她正对话的那个男人是谁？（that 作宾语，指代人，此处不可用 which）Do you know the girl that is singing?你认识那个唱歌的女孩吗？（that 作主语，指代人，此处不可用 which）2. 只用 that 不用 which 的情况，主要有如下几种：1) 当先行词是 all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, few, none 等不定代词时或当先行词被 all, any, every, little, much, few,
13、no 等修饰时。例如：You can take any seat that is free.你可以坐任何一个免费的座位。We should do all that is useful to the people.我们应该做所有对人们有用的事情。2) 当先行词被 the only, the very, the same 等修饰时。例如：It is the only thing that we can do.这是我们能做的唯一一件事情。3) 当先行词被 the first /last 等序数词所修饰时。例如：This is the first place that I want to visit.
14、这是我想去参观的第一个地方。4) 当先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时。例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。5) 当先行词既有指人的名/代词又有指物的名/代词时。例如：We talked about the things and persons that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们都感兴趣的人和事。6) 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句要用 that 而不用 which 引导；当主句是以 who 开头的特殊问句，定语从句也是用 that 而
15、不是 who 引导。例如：Which of the books that had pictures was not worth reading?那些含有插图的书中哪一本不值得读啊？Who is the person that is reading under the tree?在树下读书的那个人是谁？3. 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况，主要有如下几种：1) 非限制性定语从句中，指事物只能用 which。She failed in the exam, which was very important to her.她没有通过那场对她很重要的考试。2)“介词+关系代词”中，指事物只
16、能用 which。This is the dictionary for which I paid 5 dollars.这是那本我花了 5 美元的词典。3)which 可以替代整个主句的意思或主句中部分词语的意思引导定语从句，而that 不能，例如；Xiao Li didnt pass the National Entrence Examination of College ,which madehis parents disappointed.小李没有考上大学，这使父母失望。（从句中引导定语从句的 which 替代的是整个主句的意思，即：小李没有考上大学。）He glared at me wi
17、th a smile, which was strange.他面带微笑怒视着我，那笑很奇怪。（从句中引导定语从句的 which 替代主句中的 a smile。）四关系代词 who，whom，which，that，whose 引导的定语从句1. 定义：定义： 在复合句中，担当定语功能，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的从句，叫定语定语从句从句。 被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词先行词。 引导定语从句的词分为关系代词关系代词和关系副词关系副词。它们连接先行词与定语从句，并代替先行词在定语从句中作一定的句子成分，构成：构成：先行词+关系代词/关系副词+定语从句。本次课主要讲解关系代词引导的定语从句。常
18、用的关系代词有：who，whom，whose，which，that。2. 各关系代词的具体用法：具体用法：(1) who 指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。例如：The boy who is playing football is from Class One.正在踢足球的那个男生是来自于一班。Danny was the man (who/whom/that) we rescued from the ruins.Danny 是我们从废墟中拯救的那个人。(2) whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。例如：The man (who/whom/that) you met j
19、ust now is my friend.你刚刚遇到的那个人是我的朋友。(3) whose 意为“的”，表示一种所属关系。既可以指人，也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。例如：Is there anyone in your class whose father works in Beijing?你们班有没有父亲在北京工作的人？Water is a liquid whose boiling point is 100.水是一种沸点为 100 摄氏度的液体。(4) which 指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。例如：They eat different kinds of food w
20、hich will change into energy.他们吃各种各样将转化成能量的食物。This is the book (which/that) you want.这就是你要的书。(5) that 既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。注意：that 不能作介词的宾语。例如：The people that come to visit the city are all here.来参观这座城市的人们都在这里。The finger (that/which) I put into my mouth is not the one (that) I show you.我
21、放进自己嘴里的手指并不是我展示给你的那个。(6) 关系代词用 which，而不用 that 的情况： 引导非限制性定语从句（特征：定语从句前有逗号与前面主句分隔开）。例如：He gave me a vase, which strikes my fancy. 他给了我一只花瓶，这只花瓶很中我的意。 介词后。例如：A zoo is a park in which many animals are raised for exhibition.动物园是一个饲养许多动物以供观赏的公园。(7) 关系代词用 that 而不用 which 情况： 当先行词为不定代词或被不定代词修饰时。不定代词，如：all，m
22、uch，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one 等；用来修饰先行词的不定代词，如：all，any，every，few，little 等。例如：Theres nothing that can be said about it.对此没有什么可以说的。Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?你是说昨天买的那个吗？You can take any seat that is free.你可以坐任何空座。 先行词被 the only，the very ,the right 等修饰时。The o
23、nly thing that we could do was to wait for help.我们唯一能做的事就是等待救援。These books are the very ones that should be read.这些书正是你应该读的那些书。 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：The first song that I learned will never be forgotten.我永远也不会忘记我学的第一首歌。The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him fromgoing on.应该立刻做的最重要的事是如何阻止他继续下去。 当先行词即有人又有物时。例如：She took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.她拍摄了她感兴趣的事物和人物的照片。在 which 开头的疑问句中再含有定语从句， 引导该定语从句的关系代词是 that而不是 which。</p>
