1、 定语从句定语从句 复习回顾复习回顾 回顾名词从句 从句：He washes the car every day. 主句: I believe it. - I believe he washes the car every day. 简易图演示什么是定语从句 从句: He washes the car every day. 从句: The car is awesome. -The car he washes every day is awesome. 定语从句的构造定语从句的构造 主句和从句中必须要有一个相同的元素，例如上面的（the car） ，这个相同的元素成为“先 行词” （不用记，理解
2、就行） ，然后改写成对应的关系代词（同样也是连接词） 。 如果先行词是人，则关系代词为 who/whom/whose/that; 如果先行词是物，则关系代词为 which/whose/that 先行词在从句中做主语：先行词在从句中做主语： 从句：The man washes his car every day. 主句: The man is rich. The man who/that washes his car every day is rich.(that 做主语不可以省) 从句: The Movies make me think. 从句: I like movies. I like m
3、ovies which/that make me think.(that 不能省) 先行词在从句中做宾语：先行词在从句中做宾语： Jack is a man (whom/who/that) I trust completely. (作宾语可省) I trust the man completely. The movie (which/that) I saw last night was excellent.(I saw the movie last night.) 先行词在句中做介词后的宾语：先行词在句中做介词后的宾语：在先行词+介词+关系词时，指人用 whom 物用 which Jack i
4、s a man (whom/who/that) you should talk to. (You should talk to him.) Jack is a man to whom you should talk.(to 提前后,必须用 whom,而且不能省略) The chair (which/that) you are sitting on is an antique.(You should talk to him.) The chair on which you are sitting is an antique. (on 提前后,必须用 which 不能省) 先行词在从句中做补语：先
5、行词在从句中做补语： After the stroke, John is not the man (who/that) he used to be. (He used to be the man.) The name (which/that) Kevin calls his dog is a really odd one. (Kevin calls his dog the name.) 先行词在从句中做所有格：先行词在从句中做所有格： Jack is a man whose judgement I trust. (I trust his judgment.) I saw a mountain
6、whose top was completely covered in snow. I saw a mountain the top of which was completely covered in snow. 分别由下两句改写来： The mountains top was completely covered in snow. The top of the mountain was completely covered in snow. 补充： 非限定从句 1. This is my mom who/that loves me very much. This is my mom, wh
7、o loves me very much. 哪个对？ I met a friend who went to the same high school with me. I met a friend who worked at the same company with me. 限定从句有指示功能 I mat a friend, who worked at the same company with me. I met Jack Ma, who went to the same high school with me. I met Jack Ma, who worked at the same
8、company with me. 非限定性，不指代，不具有指示功能，只是个可有可无的补充说明。 注意：这句不是非限。 I met a friend, quite by chance, who(that) went to the same high school with me. (插入语) 2. 非限可以指代名词代词（限定只能指代名词代词） ，还可以指代句子的其他部分，或者 指整个句子。 Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 重点与难点 （一）（一）具有
9、强烈的指示功能用具有强烈的指示功能用 that 当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是 all, no, only 等形式时，关系代词一般用 that，而不 能用 which。 1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time. 2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me. （二）在定语从句中，who, that 指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用 who,而不用 that. A) 先行词是 one, ones, anyone 时，宜用 who.
10、 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me dont please me. Anyone who laughs last laughs best. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. B) 先行词为 those 时，宜用 who. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. No words are stro
11、ng enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. C) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用 who. I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Yunnan province. D) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词时 that， 另一个宜用 who. E.g. The boy that you met last night is the group leader wh
12、o studies very hard. E) 在 there be 开头 的句子中，事宜用 who. There is a young man who wants to see your father. There was a king who was kind to his people. There are many old men who are against this plan. （三）定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The l
13、etter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question that is being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45. 说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来： 1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University. 2. The letter m
14、ailed last night will reach him tomorrow. 3. The question being discussed is very important. 4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45. 说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing 短语，done 短语，being done 短语，to be done 短语修饰。其结构和意思如下： 1. 被修饰名词+doing 短语： 正在做.的人/正在发生的事。 2. 被修饰名词+ done 短语：
15、被的人/事 3. 被修饰名词+being done 短语：正在被的人/事 4. 被修饰名词+ to be done 短语：将要被的人/事 （1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ? （2） The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil. （3）Did you see that car being repaired ? （4）In a camera, the l
16、ens must be focused on the object to be photographed. （5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow. （6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China. （7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon. 总结：以上做定语的那些短语就
17、是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。 1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个 V-ing 或 V-ed 形式作定语，则可以放在被修 饰名词前面。 2. 分词作定语时， 其动作应与全句动作同时发生。 V-ing 表示主动意义和正在做， V-ed 表示被动意义。 being done 表示正在被做的 3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done 表示将要被做的 （四）定语从句中可以省略关系词的几种情况 1.关系代词作宾语时的省略 当关系代词 who, whom, which 和 that 在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可 以省略。如：
18、 Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁? 2.关系代词作表语时的省略 当关系代词 that 在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如： China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that 作表语) 3.关系副词 when 的省略 用作时间状语的关系副词 when 通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于 day, year, time 等少数几个 词
19、后时可以省略(也可换成 that)。如： That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。 Ill never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。 4.关系副词 where 的省略 用作地点状语的关系副词 where 通常不能省略， 但有一种特殊情况， 即用于 place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere 少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成 that)。 如： This is the place (where) they
20、 met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。 Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺 5.关系副词 why 的省略 关系副词 why 通常只用于 the reason 后引导定语从句， 且通常可换成 that 或 for which， 均可省略。 如： Thats the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。 （五） 定语从句中的主谓一致 A）定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称，数要与先行词一致。 Is he t
21、he man who/that wants to see you? B） as/which 作主语引导非限定性从句指全句时，从句谓语用第三人称。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. As is usual, Hans came to school late this morning. C) 先行词为“one of +复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. D) 先行词
22、为“the only one of the+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 【典型例题】 例 1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives. A. which B. that C. who D. it 分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives 为非限定性
23、定语从句修饰先行词 Friendship 用 which 连接定语从句。 例 2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now. A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom 分析： _ I worked three years ago 作为定语从句修饰先行词 Uncle Li， 从句完整的表达是： I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词 with。 例 3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for hi
24、s carelessness in his work ? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 分析： 定语从句_ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work 修饰先行词 the reason 指 “他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。 例 4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before. A. who B. that
25、 C. which D. whose 分析： 非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard 修饰先行词 teachers, 它与从句中的 work 是从属关系，关系词用 whose 例 5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt included women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 分析：公元前 776 年被首次举行的奥运会，直到 1912 年才容纳女运动员。_in 776
26、 BC 做定语修饰 The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用 done 做定语。 例 6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built 分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_ for the teachers and the construction work 修饰 The houses 应为 The houses The houses 将要为教师和施工修建的房子。 例 7 How
27、 many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended 分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这 个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us修饰How many of us做定语。 与全句动作同步. 例 8 She has three children, _ i
28、s working in Australia. A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them 分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Australia 修饰先行词 three children，根据从句中的 is 判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。 ACADCBBB 【模拟试题】 1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed. A. whom I think did B. whom I think she did C. who I think did D. I think
29、 who did 2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket. A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which 3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month. A. where B. which C. to which D. on which 4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in
30、the play. A. when B. in that C. which D. in which 5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss 6. The food _ at the moment is for the dinner party. A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked 7.
31、 Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ? A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read ACADC/BBB 【试题答案】 CCCAC/DC 1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词 the very girl 在从句中做 think 的宾语， 同时又是后面宾语从句 did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用 whom 2. C 定语从句_ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词 money： 用这笔钱买火车票。 关系 词前面需要加介词：wi
32、th 3. C 定语从句_ he devoted much time 意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。 devote.to sth.关系词前加介词：to 4. A 定语从句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play 修饰先行词 the day ：先行 词 the day 在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。 5. C 短语_ tomorrow 做定语修饰 the question， 根据表达的内容： 明天即将被讨论的问 题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。 6. D 短语_ at the moment 做 the food 的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语 表示：正在被的。 7. C 现在分词短语 reading under the big tree 做定语修饰 the teacher 表示：正在大树下看 书的那位老师。
