1、机器人学基础机器人学基础 Fundamentals of Robotics智能科学基础系列课程国家级教学团队智能科学基础系列课程国家级教学团队“机器人学机器人学” 课程课程Fundamentals of Robotics12Ch. 1 Introduction第第1 1章章 绪绪 论论Ch. 1 IntroductionContents Course Schedule Top 10 Robotics News of 2008 Development of Robotics Structure, Feature, and Classification of Robots Robotics and
2、 AI3Ch. 1 IntroductionThe Textbooks 教材Cai Zixing. Fundamentals of Robotics 机器人学基础. 机械工业出版社,2009John J Craig. Introduction to Robotics, Mechanics and Control. Pearson Education, Inc. , Publishing, 2005 机器人学导论. 机械工业出版社,20054Ch. 1 Introduction机器人学基础机器人学基础国家级“智能科学基础系列课程教学团队”机器人学课程配套教材机械工业出版社20095Ch. 1 I
3、ntroduction我国首部关于智能机器人系统专著(1988)入选中国优秀科技图书要览(1990)6Ch. 1 Introduction机器人学(2000)获全国高校优秀教材一等奖(2002)7Ch. 1 Introduction机器人学二零零九8Ch. 1 Introduction教学进度安排(1)月日周次教学内容教学内容教学时数教学方式课外时数备注321绪论绪论2讲授351机器人学的数学基础机器人学的数学基础2讲授392数学基础数学基础/机器人运动学机器人运动学2讲授3122机器人运动学机器人运动学2讲授3163机器人动力学机器人动力学2讲授3193机器人控制(机器人控制(1)2讲授32
4、34机器人控制(机器人控制(2)2讲授9教学进度安排(2)月日周次教学内容教学内容教学时数教学方式课外时数备注3264机器人控制(机器人控制(3)2讲授3305实验一实验一2实验425机器人传感器机器人传感器2讲授466机器人传感器机器人传感器/机器人轨迹规划机器人轨迹规划2讲授496机器人轨迹规划机器人轨迹规划2讲授4137主题讨论主题讨论2课堂报告4167实验二实验二2实验10教学进度安排(3)月日周次教学内容教学内容教学时数教学方式课外时数备注4208机器人编程机器人编程2讲授24238机器人编程机器人编程训练训练2训练4279综合实验综合实验:智能机器人的路智能机器人的路径规划与行为决
5、策实验径规划与行为决策实验 2综合实验4309机器人应用机器人应用2讲授5410机器人与展望机器人与展望2讲授25710考试考试2讲授11QuestionWhat is Robot looks like in your mind?12Ch. 1 IntroductionRobots in Movies13Ch. 1 IntroductionRobots in Movies14Ch. 1 Introduction15Robots in MoviesCh. 1 IntroductionContents Course Schedule Top 10 Robotics News of 2008 Dev
6、elopment of Robotics Structure, Feature, and Classification of Robots Robotics and AI16Ch. 1 Introduction17Ch. 1 Introduction1 The U.S. Big Dog In March 2008, the U.S. government released a video of the military robots called Big Dog, which has amazing mobility and adaptability.Latest Big Dog can cl
7、imb up 35 slopes, carry more than 40 kg equipment, representing about 30% of its weightIt can move along a simple route, or by remote control.18Ch. 1 Introduction2 Robot ride on a wheelbarrowIn September 2008 Japanese Murata Manufacturing Institute launched a new type of robot riding on a wheelbarro
8、w, named seiko. This new type of robot can maintain its balance through a series of sensors and gyroscopes, and easy to complete riding of a wheelbarrow.This new robot seiko is 50cm high, 5kg weight, designed to look like a little girl.19Ch. 1 Introduction3 Washing robot launched in JapanThis robot
9、can help people washing dishes, especially useful for the families with elders and patients.Washing robot confirms the shape and location of the tableware through a camera installed in the ceiling roof, and sorts out all tableware with the help of sensors equipped in the palm. 20Ch. 1 Introduction4
10、Olympic robot Fuwa debut at BeijingThe Olympic robot Fuwa perform dancing at the Beijing Capital International Airport July 15, 2008. Five robot Fuwa debut on Tuesday inside the newly-built Terminal 3 of the airport. The robots can provide guiding services for passengers with language contact.21Ch.
11、1 Introduction5 Domestic underwater robots in expedition of the North Pole In July 2008, the North Pole ARV underwater robot starting from Shenyang, participated in Chinas third Arctic scientific expedition. This is the first time for Chinas underwater robots to carry out experiment at high latitude
12、s. It will provide a larger content of continuous, real-time ice observation techniques.22Ch. 1 Introduction6 The first robot that can kill cancer cellsScientists at the University of California have invented a new form of robot with a strong ability to kill cancer cells. The birth of cancer killer
13、nano thrusters is not only a success of nanotechnology, but also a new platform for the development of next-generation medical nano-robots.23Ch. 1 Introduction7 Robot World Cup held in China for the first timeChina successfully held the Robot World Cup through July 14-20, 2008 for the first time.24C
14、h. 1 Introduction8 Phoenix probe landing on MarsAfter more than nine months of space travel, the U.S. Mars probe Phoenix successful land on Mars near the North Pole region on May 25, 2008. This is the first time for a human detector to land near the north pole of Mars.25Ch. 1 Introduction9 Robot Con
15、trolled By Rat Brain Cells Some idiotic scientists at Reading University have developed a robot that is controlled by rat brain cells. The neurons are now being taught to steer the robot around obstacles and avoid the walls of the small pen in which it is kept. By studying what happens to the neuron
16、s as they learn its creators hope to reveal how memories are laid down. 26Ch. 1 Introduction10 Chinas first family service intelligent Robot27Tami has a relatively high intelligence, who can speak freely like human beings, it understands more than 200 English sentences, could identify the owner and
17、objects through eyes, and to give their names.Tami is mainly used for family services, to take care of the elders, and to accompany with children.Ch. 1 Introduction281.1Development of Robotics机器人学的发展1.1.1 Origin of Robotics 机器人的由来人类长期以来的愿望:创造出一种像人一样的机器来代替人类进行各种工作;木牛流马?记里鼓车写字机器人1.1 Development of Rob
18、oticsContents Course Schedule Top 10 Robotics News of 2008 Development of Robotics Structure, Feature, and Classification of Robots Robotics and AI29Ch. 1 Introduction301.1.1 History of Robotics 机器人的历史1920年,捷克剧作家卡雷尔凯培克在幻想情节剧罗萨姆的万能机器人(Rossums Universal Robots, RUR)中,第一次提出了名词“机器人”; Robota(捷克文,原意为“劳役、苦
19、工”) Robot(英文,“机器人”)1.1 Development of Robotics311.1.1 History of Robotics 1950年,美国科学幻想小说巨匠阿西摩夫在小说我是机器人中,提出了著名的 “机机器人三定律器人三定律 (Three Laws of Robotics) ” : First Law: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Second Law: A robot must obey orders g
20、iven it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. Isaac Asimov1.1 Development of Robotics321.1.1 History of Robotics 1962年,美国万能自动化公司(Unimati
21、on)的第一台机器人Unimate在美国通用汽车公司投入使用,标志着第一代机器人的诞生。 1.1 Development of Robotics331.1.1 History of Robotics 1969年 日本早稻田大学加藤一郎实验室研发出第一台以双脚走路的机器人。加藤一郎长期致力于研究仿人机器人(Humanoid Robot),被誉为“仿人机器人之父”。日本专家一向以研发仿人机器人和娱乐机器人的技术见长,后来更进一步,催生出本田公司的ASIMO和索尼公司的QRIO。 1.1 Development of Robotics341.1.1 History of Robotics 1978年
22、,美国Unimation公司推出通用工业机器人PUMA,这标志着工业机器人技术已经完全成熟。PUMA至今仍然工作在工厂第一线。 1.1 Development of Robotics351.1.1 History of Robotics 2002年 丹麦 iRobot 公司推出了吸尘器机器人Roomba,它能避开障碍,自动设计行进路线,还能在电量不足时,自动驶向充电座。Roomba是目前世界上销量最大、最商业化的家用机器人。 1.1 Development of Robotics361.1.1 History of Robotics 2006年 6月,微软公司推出Microsoft Robot
23、ics Studio,机器人模块化、平台统一化的趋势越来越明显,比尔盖茨预言,家用机器人很快将席卷全球。 1.1 Development of Robotics371.1.2 Definition of Robotics 机器人的定义Definition 1机器人是“貌似人的自动机,具有智力的和顺从于人的但不具人格的机器” 。(The Concise Oxford Dictionary, COD)nDefinition 2“A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools,
24、 or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks” (Robotic Industries Association, RIA)1.1 Development of Robotics381.1.2 Definition of Robotics nDefinition 3工业机器人是“一种装备有记忆装置和末端执行器(end effector)的,能够转动并通过自动完成各种移动来代替人类劳动的通用机器”。(Japan Industrial Robot
25、 Association, JIRA)Definition 4机器人是“一种能够进行编程并在自动控制下执行某些操作和移动作业任务的机械装置”。 (National Bureau of Standards, NBS) 1.1 Development of Robotics391.1.2 Definition of Robotics nDefinition 5“机器人是一种自动的、位置可控的、具有编程能力的多功能机械手,这种机械手具有几个轴,能够借助于可编程序操作来处理各种材料、零件、工具和专用装置,以执行种种任务”。 国际标准组织(ISO)Definition 6机器人(1)像人或人的上肢,并能
26、模仿人的动作;(2)具有智力或感觉与识别能力;(3)是人造的机器或机械电子装置。 中国1.1 Development of Robotics401.1.3 Advances in Robotics 机器人学的进展20世纪70年代以来,机器人学的发展特点 机器人偿还期(Payback period)理论促进对机器人产业的投资; 日本后来居上,成为“机器人王国”; 机器人产业在全世界迅速发展; 应用范围遍及工业、科技和国防的各个领域 ; 形成了新学科机器人学(Robotics) ; 机器人向智能化(Intellectual)方向发展 。1.1 Development of RoboticsEsti
27、mated yearly shipments of industrial robots411.1 Development of RoboticsEstimated yearly supply of industrial robots at year-endin Total World by main Industries 2006-2007421.1 Development of RoboticsContents Course Schedule Top 10 Robotics News of 2008 Development of Robotics Structure, Feature, an
28、d Classification of Robots Robotics and AI43Ch. 1 Introduction441.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots 机器人特点、结构与分类1.2.1 Main Features of Robotsn通用性(Versatility) 通用性指的是某种执行不同的功能和完成多样的简单任务的实际能力,它取决于其几何特性和机械能力 。 n适应性(Adaptability) 适应性是指其对环境的自适应能力,即所设计的机器 人能够自我执行未经完全指定的任务,而不管任务执 行过程中所发生的没有
29、预计到的环境变化。 1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots451.2.2 Structure of A Robot System一个机器人系统,一般由机械手、环境、任务和控制器四个互相作用的部分组成图1.1 机器人系统的基本结构机械手机械手(Manipulator)具有传动执行装置传动执行装置的机械,由臂臂、关节关节和末端执行装置末端执行装置(工具等)构成。1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots46一个机器人系统,一般由机械手、环境、任务和控制器四个互相作用的部分
30、组成图1.1 机器人系统的基本结构环境环境(Environment)环境即指导机器人所处的周围环境。环境不仅由几何条件(可达空间)所决定,而且由环境和它所包含的每个事物的全部自然特性所决定的。 1.2.2 Structure of A Robot System1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots47一个机器人系统,一般由机械手、环境、任务和控制器四个互相作用的部分组成图1.1 机器人系统的基本结构任务任务(Task)任务定义为环境的两种状态(初始状态和目标状态)之间的差别。必须用适当的程序设计语言来描述这些任务。1.2.2 S
31、tructure of A Robot System1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots48一个机器人系统,一般由机械手、环境、任务和控制器四个互相作用的部分组成图1.1 机器人系统的基本结构控制器控制器(Controller)机器人接收来自传感器的信号,对之进行数据处理,并按照预存信息、机器人的状态及其环境情况等,产生出控制信号去驱动机器人的各个关节。控制器内存主要存有:(1)机器人动作模型(2)环境模型(3)任务程序(4)控制算法1.2.2 Structure of A Robot System1.2 Features,
32、Structure and Classification of Robots491.2.3 Degree of Freedom (DOF)of Robots 机器人的自由度DOF of a Rigid Body刚体的自由度图1.3 刚体的六个自由度1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots501.2.3 DOF of RobotsDOF of Robots机器人的自由度图1.4 机器人自由度举例1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots511.2.4 Classifica
33、tion of Robots1. Classified by Geometry Structure 柱面坐标机器人(Cylindrical)图1.6 柱面坐标机器人1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots521. Classified by Geometry Structure球面坐标机器人(Spherical) 图1.7 球面坐标机器人1.2.4 Classification of Robots1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots53关节式球面坐标机器人(Art
34、iculated) 图1.8 关节式球面机器人1.2.4 Classification of Robots1. Classified by Geometry Structure1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots54非伺服机器人(Non-servo robots) 按照预先编好的程序顺序顺序进行工作图1.9 有限顺序机器人方块图1.2.4 Classification of Robots2. Classified by Control Mode1.2 Features, Structure and Classification
35、 of Robots55伺服控制机器人(Servo-controlled robots) 是一个反馈控制系统反馈控制系统 (Feedback control system)图1.10 伺服控制机器人方块图1.2.4 Classification of Robots2. Classified by Control Mode1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots563. Classified by Input Message of Controller日本工业机器人协会(JIRA) 分类法 手动操作手 定序机器人 变序机器人 复演式
36、机器人 程控机器人 智能机器人n美国机器人协会(RIA) 分类法把JIRA分类法中的后四种当作机器人 。1.2.4 Classification of Robots1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots57n法国工业机器人协会(French Association of Industrial Robotics, AFRI) 分类法 A型:手控或遥控加工设备。 B型:具有预编工作周期的自动加工设备。 C型:程序可编和伺服机器人,具有点位或连续路径轨迹,称为第一代机器人。 D型:能获取一定的环境数据,称为第二代机器人。3. Clas
37、sified by Input Message of Controller1.2.4 Classification of Robots1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots581.2.4 Classification of Robots4. Classified by Intellectual Leveln一般机器人,不具有智能,只具有一般编程能力和操作功能。智能机器人(Intellectual Robot),具有不同程度的智能 传感型机器人 (Sensory Robot) 交互型机器人 (Interactive Robot)
38、自立型机器人 (Autonomous Robot)1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots591.2.4 Classification of Robots5. Classified by Applicationn工业机器人或产业机器人(Industry Robot)1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots601.2.4 Classification of Robots5. Classified by Applicationn工业机器人或产业机器人(Industry R
39、obot)n探索机器人(Exploration Robot)1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots611.2.4 Classification of Robots5. Classified by Applicationn工业机器人或产业机器人(Industry Robot)n探索机器人(Exploration Robot)n服务机器人(Service Robot) 1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots621.2.4 Classification of Robot
40、s5. Classified by Applicationn工业机器人或产业机器人(Industry Robot)n探索机器人(Exploration Robot)n服务机器人(Service Robot) n军事机器人(Military Robot) 1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of Robots5. Classified by Applicationn工业机器人或产业机器人(Industry Robot)n探索机器人(Explor
41、ation Robot)n服务机器人(Service Robot) n军事机器人(Military Robot) 631.2.4 Classification of Robots1.2 机器人特点、结构与分类641.2.4 Classification of Robots6. Classified by Mobilityn固定式机器人(Fixed Robot)n移动机器人 (Mobile Robot) 轮式Wheeled robot履带式Pedrail robot足式Foot robot1.2 Features, Structure and Classification of RobotsCo
42、ntents Course Schedule Top 10 Robotics News of 2008 Development of Robotics Structure, Feature, and Classification of Robots Robotics and AI65Ch. 1 Introduction661.3 Robotics and AI 机器人学与人工智能nRelationship Between Robotics and AI n机器人学的进一步发展需要人工智能基本原理的指导,并采用各种人工智能技术;n机器人学的出现与发展为人工智能的发展产生了新的推动力,并提供一个很
43、好的试验与应用场所。nAI Research Topics in RoboticsnSensor Information ProcessingnRobot PlanningnExpert SystemnNatural Language Understanding1.3 Robotics and AI671.3.2 Research Fields of RoboticsSensor and Sensory SystemDrive, Modeling, and ControlAutomatic Planning Robot-used Computer SystemApplication Resea
44、rch 1.3 Robotics and AI681.3.3 Intelligent Robots 智能机器人智能机器人的控制系统主要组成:以知识为基础的知识决策系统和信号识别与处理系统。 图1.11 一种智能机器人系统典型方框图1.3 Robotics and AI691. Main Academic Circles in AIn符号主义(Symbolicism) n认为人工智能源于数理逻辑(Symbolic logic);n其原理主要为物理符号系统(即符号操作系统)假设和有限合理性原理;n代表人物有纽厄尔(Newell)、肖(Shaw)、西蒙(Simon)和尼尔逊(Nilsson)等 ;n
45、代表成果为专家系统专家系统(Expert System)。1.3.4 Debate of AI and Its Influence to Robotics1.3 Robotics and AI701. Main Academic Circles in AI连接主义(Connectionism) 认为人工智能源于仿生学(Bionics),特别是人脑模型的研究; 其原理主要为神经网络神经网络(Neural Network)及神经网络间的连接机制与学习算法; 代表人物有Hopfield 、鲁梅尔哈特(Rumelhart)等 。行为主义(Actionism) 认为人工智能源于控制论(Cyberneti
46、cs) ; 其原理为控制理论控制理论(Control Theory)及感知动作型控制系统; 代表人物有布鲁克斯(Brooks)。1.3 Robotics and AI711.3.4 Debate of AI and Its Influence to Robotics2. Debate on AI Theory n符号主义(Symbolicism) n 人的认知基元是符号,而且认知过程即符号操作过程n 人是一个物理符号系统,计算机也是一个物理符号系统,因此,我们就能够用计算机来模拟人的智能行为,即用计算机的符号操作来模拟人的认知过程。 n 人工智能的核心问题是知识表示、知识推理和知识运用。 1.
47、3 Robotics and AI722. Debate on AI Theory连接主义(Connectionism) 人的思维基元是神经元; 它对物理符号系统假设持反对意见,认为人脑不同于电脑,并提出连接主义的大脑工作模式。行为主义(Actionism) 智能取决于感知和行动,提出智能行为的“感知动作”模式; 智能不需要知识、不需要表示、不需要推理;人工智能可以象人类智能一样逐步进化 智能行为只能在现实世界中与周围环境交互作用而表现出来。 1.3 Robotics and AI733. Debate of AI and Its Influence to Robotics这些争论在机器人学上
48、有所反映;在机器人学上,人工智能各派思想能够“和睦共处”,不存在排他性,甚至可在一个机器人系统上同时共存几个学派的思想。1.3.4 Debate of AI and Its Influence to Robotics1.3 Robotics and AI741. Introduction to Robotics: the origin and development of Robotics; definition of a robot; feature, structure, and classification of robots; relationship between Robotics
49、 and AI. 2. Mathematical Foundations: Representation of position and attitude; coordinate transformation; homogeneous transformation; general rotation transformation.3. Kinematics of Manipulator: Representation of Kinetic Equation; Solving method of Kinetic Equation; Motion Analysis of PUMA 560.1.4
50、Main Contents of the Course 1.4 Main Contents of the Course751.4 Main Contents of the Course 4. Manipulator Dynamics: Dynamics of a Rigid Body; Dynamic Equation of a Manipulator.5. Robot Control: Basic Principles of Robot Control; Position Control; Hybrid Position/Force Control ; Intelligent Control