1、第五讲 英语修辞格的翻译Translation of English Figures of SpeechWarming up 1.The boy was creeping like snail unwillingly to school. 2.The boy stood rooted. 3. We are dying for the greatest nothing.4. -What does that lawyer do after he dies? -Lie still. 1. 那男孩像只蜗牛慢慢向前挪动，嘟哝着不愿去上学。2. 那男孩一动不动地呆着。3. 我们为那伟大的一文不值的信念而死
2、。4. - 那个律师死后能干什么？ （1）-静静地躺着。 （2）-躺着说鬼话。 quiet, light, fresh ,blind, clear, stubborn, cunning, old ,slippery, busy vAs _ as a bat. vAs _ as a bee.vAs _ as a bell.vAs _ as a daisy (a kind of flower).vAs _ as an eel (a kind of fish).vAs _ as a feather.vAs _ as a fox.vAs _ as the hills.vAs _ as a mouse.
3、vAs _ as a mule.v修辞格(figures of speech or rhetoric)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。v比喻、矛盾、双关双关、借代、拟人、夸张、委婉、重复、反语、排比、对照等。常用的修辞常用的修辞v原文作者在文章中使用修辞手法，是为了使语言更加形象生动，鲜明突出；或者使语言更加整齐匀称，音调铿锵，以便更深入地阐明事件的意义或刻画人物的性格。因此，译文中若不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达作者的思想和文风，就不符合“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准。v绝大多数英语修辞格都能找到与之相对应的汉语修辞格，它们在结构上和修辞作用
4、上都彼此十分相似。根据这一特点，在翻译中应当尽可能采用直译的方法 . 但这种译法仅限于在用词和修辞结构上与原文一致情况下使用，但是在有些场合却不能墨守原文的修辞手法，也不能照搬原文的比喻形象 。理由是英汉两个民族的历史沿革、风俗习惯和思维方式各不相同。在这种情况下，就需要采用意译。我们可以通过增加词语、引申词意、转换修辞格或转换比喻形象等方法来确切地表达原文修辞格所表现的感染力。v比喻v拟人v夸张v委婉语v反语Similev In rhetoric, simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar thi
5、ngs are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance.v The commonest connectives are “like” and “as (as)”. Other words used in similes are “more than”, “as if”, “resemble”, “suggest”, etc.明喻 Simile v英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相
6、同，一般情况下，可以照直翻译。as busy as bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌as brave as lion 像狮子一样勇猛as black as crow 像乌鸦一般黑as sharp as knife 像刀一样锋利Metaphor 隐喻vOne thing is described in terms of another. Implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it. My
7、 love is a red red rose. When Leah saw the blanket of snow from her bedroom window, she knew school would be cancelled for the day. Lifes but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. Shakespeare, Macbeth From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an
8、 iron curtain has descended across the continent. W. Churchill一明喻和隐喻的翻译方法一明喻和隐喻的翻译方法vSimile (明喻) 和Metaphor (隐喻) 是英语中最常用的修辞手法，它的作用是把要说明的事物比喻成另一种具有鲜明的同一特点的事物，从而更形象、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。作为修辞手段的比喻，本身是极富诗意的一种语言形式，只有使读者领会了其中的韵味，才可以进一步领悟全文的精神，达到等效翻译的目的，因此比喻美感的对等翻译不容忽视。 v英语比喻美感的再现应以比喻内容为基础，发掘比喻美的真正所在，同时致力于形式的表
9、现，尽可能用“形神兼备”的翻译来传神达意。在实在不可能“形似”时，要在“神似”的条件下，竭力用其它方法和手段表现出原比喻的意之真谛、美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采用以下方法： 1. 保留差异，等值再现 vPassion was to go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit) 在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶掺了水的牛奶。1. The fury of the crowd erup
10、ted like a volcano. 群众的愤怒像火山一般爆发起来。2. I cant save myself any more than a clay idol can save itself while swimming across a river. 我本人是泥菩萨过河，自身难保。3. If we attack quickly, we can nip the enemys plans in the bud. 如果我们迅速进攻，就可以把敌人的计划消灭在萌芽状态。v我们还可以用加释意的办法，既保留了差异，也从语境上帮助读者接受形象，以感受到形象的意味：vExamples: （1）Every
11、 family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，(见不得人的事家家有。) （2）Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的(不起作用)。 2. 替换比喻，去异求同v比喻形象在中英民族中概念不同；v比喻的事物是各民族特有的成语典故；v当差异不利于理解，而汉语里恰有相对应的固定比喻，可用中国特有比喻来替换；替换；v从审美角度看，客体形式的改变，正是为了产生相同的审美效果。Examples:
12、（1）He said: “ If one has anything to say, it drops from him simply and directly as a stone falls to the ground.” (Henry David Thoreau) 他（指索罗）说：“如果一个人要说什么，就应像竹筒倒豆子那样直截了当地说出来。”（2）Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster(牡蛎). 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶他守口如瓶。vas cunning as a de
13、ad pig vas happy as a cow va fly in the ointment(油膏) vyou cant make bricks without strawv像像狐狸狐狸一样狡猾一样狡猾 v快乐得像只快乐得像只百灵鸟百灵鸟 v一粒一粒老鼠屎老鼠屎坏了一锅坏了一锅汤汤v巧妇难为巧妇难为无米之炊无米之炊 3、放弃比喻，动态对等v如果原比喻的差异既不能保留，又没有合适的替换，那就只能放弃比喻。 但为了尽量保其美学效果，应充分发挥汉语语言的优势，借助其它手段弥补，以达到审美效果上的动态对等。vIts very plain that the old man I will remain
14、 at daggers drawn to the end of our lives, and that I have nothing to expect from him. 很明显，我同老头子至死也势不两立势不两立/ 剑拔弩张剑拔弩张，我不会从他身上得到什么东西的。1. What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave. 2. I cant earn enough to keep my body and soul together. 3. When my ship comes in, I will take a trip to Afri
15、ca. 4. Every life has its roses and thorns. v少时所学，到老不忘。v我赚的不够吃。v当我发了财时，我要到非洲去。v每个人的生活都有甜有苦。直译+意译法1. Most of us are too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。2. Men are April wh
16、en they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare) 男人求爱时如和煦的4月，婚后却像寒冬腊月；闺中少女则宛若温暖的5月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。拟人（Personification） The (inanimate) things are treated as animate or human.Attribution of personality to an impersonal thing.
17、v拟人就是把动物和没有生命的事物当成有思想感情的人类来描写，甚至让它们具有人的行为。这些事物可以是无生命的实体，还可以是抽象的概念，v 如：a smiling moon（微笑的月亮），a crying city（哭泣的城市），to strangle justice（扼杀正义）。v英汉两种语言中都有这种修辞手法，在翻译的时候一般可采取直译的方法再现原文的生动形象。 vSlang is the language that takes off its coat, spit on its hand and goes to work. Carl SandburgvA lie can travel hal
18、f way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.1）Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, may change. (Chief Seattle, Reply to the U.S. Government) 数不尽的世代以来，渺渺苍天曾为我族洒下多少同情之泪；这个在我们看来像是永恒不变的苍天，还是会变
19、的。（石幼珊译）2）To its residents, Vesuvius was a benefactor not an enemy. But without any warning, Mount Vesuvius roared to life. 对于附近居民来说，维苏威火山是恩人，而不是敌人。然而，在没有任何预兆的情况下，维苏威火山咆哮着苏醒了。v由于中英文表达习惯不同，并非所有拟人都适合采用直译，有时候采用意译更会符合译文语言表达习惯。 The ship sadly caught fire and the plans to make her a floating museum died i
20、n the smoldering embers. 这艘船不幸着火了，于是把它建成水上博物馆的种种计划也在一片焖燃着的灰烬中泡汤了。夸张 (Hyperbole)vOverstatement - extended hyperbole vUnderstatement-reduced hyperbole Exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effectv夸张就是通过有意夸大或缩小事物的某个方面来增强语气，起到强调的效果。这种修辞手法具有很强的感染力，在英汉语言中都很常见。v一般情况下，可以直译，以保持原文的艺术特色，使译文具有相同的效果。例如：Ove
21、rstatement vAnd I will luve thee still, my dear Till all the seas gang dry And the rocks melt wi the sun; O I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. - Red , Red Rose by Robert Burnsv亲爱的，我永远爱你， 纵使大海干涸水流尽。 太阳将岩石烧作灰尘， 亲爱的，我永远爱你， 只要我一息犹存。 王佐良译1. Ive been dying to meet you. 我非常非
22、常想见到你。2. She has more teeth, white and large and even, than are necessary for any practical purpose. 她有一口洁白整齐的大牙，为数之多已超过任何实际需要。3. I lived a year in a minute. 我度日如年。委婉语 （Euphemism） Substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unplea
23、sant. 英语委婉语一般可分成两大类：传统委婉语（traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。 所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。 生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物，如果直接表达，那就是禁忌语，给人的感觉是粗鄙，生硬，刺耳，无礼。反之，如果间接表达，这就是委婉语给人的印象是典雅，含蓄，中听，有礼。 所谓文体委婉语，亦称实际上是恭话、溢美之词，与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人（尤其是当代美国人）在交际过程中，为了表示礼貌，为了避免刺激，或是为了争取合作，有时会采用夸饰的法，对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。v委婉语就是用委婉语来取代
24、令人不快的字句，这也是英汉两种语言中共有的现象。如果在译入语中有字面上对应的委婉语，如英语中的to be no more 可与汉语中的“不在了”、“没了”（讳饰“死”）对应，我们就应当采取直译的办法。如果译入语中没有在字面上与原文对应的委婉语，我们就应当采用功能上与之相等的委婉语。 如英语中的to be in a delicate condition 不可直译为“处于娇弱的状态”，但是可以意译为“有喜”、“身怀六甲”（讳饰 “怀孕”）等。翻译时应该尽量避免采用与原文所讳饰的字句对应的语言进行翻译。例如原文中如使用to pass away（讳饰die），翻译时就不应该使用“死”一词，而应该使用“
25、去世”、“过世”等。又如，在讨论病人的情况时，说到“他不行了”，可以用He wont make it 来译；说到Seems he wont survive tomorrow morning，则可以译为“看样子他过不了明天早晨”。1. That luster has taken a fancy to Middle Eastern dancing. 那个好色之徒现在开始喜欢看肚皮舞。2. Social diseases are now on the increase in the whole world. 现在全世界性病在不断增多。3. She is a little confused. 她疯了。
26、反语反语 （Irony） vIrony is a contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.vThe actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning.vExpression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another. v反语就是使用与本意相反的词句来表达本意，一般反语就是使用与本
27、意相反的词句来表达本意，一般用于讽刺嘲弄。为了保留原文的讽刺效果，通常采用于讽刺嘲弄。为了保留原文的讽刺效果，通常采用用直译直译的方法。例如：的方法。例如：1）You gave her good advice, and broke her heart. That was the beginning of your reformation. (Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray)v你给了她忠告，撕碎了她的心。你就是这样开始你所谓的自我改造的。2）You and the girls may go, or you may send them by them
28、selves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. (Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice)v你带着女儿们去就行啦。要不干脆打发她们自己去，那样没准更好些。要知道你的模样跟她们一样标致，宾利先生兴许倒会看上你呢。Exercises for Figure of SpeechvI wandered lonely as a cloud. 我像一朵浮云独自
29、漫游。vThey are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails. 这些人犹如街上的有轨电车， 满足于在自己的轨道上运行。 vHe was like a cock who thought the sun hadrisen for him to crow. 他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡, 以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。( simile 明喻vHappiness is a perfume you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself . 快乐就犹如香水, 你
30、不可能向别人喷洒而不沾上几滴。vMoney is a bottomless sea , in which honor , conscience , and t ruth may be drowned. v金钱是无底的海洋, 荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。vHis relation with his wife has not been very fortunate. v他经常和他妻子吵架。(euphemism 非修辞格vI havent seen you for ages.v好久不见了。vMarys mother is in a family way.v玛丽的母亲有喜了。vJohns wif
31、e is a sanitation engineer.v约翰的老婆是城市美容师。vHis words made my blood freeze. v听了他的话， 我的血都快凝固了。vIts a crime to stay on such a beautiful day. v今天阳光明媚,躲在家中实在太遗憾了。( hyperbole非修辞vAs for models,she is a thousand out of one.v要做时装模特的话，她可是百里挑一vThe thirsty soil drank in the rain.v干燥的土壤大口大口地喝着雨水。vWinter is almost over and spring is stepping in.v冬天差不多过去了，春天的脚步也慢慢地走近了。vHe was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure hed water it . v他是一个了不起的教师:如果他发现了一点天才的火花,你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。
