1、2022-3-281黄帝内经素问翻译实例分析黄帝内经素问翻译实例分析兰凤利兰凤利 上海中医药大学上海中医药大学2022-3-282内容提要内容提要n1 通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译n2 词义的演变与翻译词义的演变与翻译n3 词义的辨析与翻译词义的辨析与翻译n4 修辞与翻译修辞与翻译n5 校勘与翻译校勘与翻译2022-3-2831 通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译通假字、古今字的辨析与翻译n1) 清阳实四清阳实四支支,浊阴归六,浊阴归六府府。n(阴阳应象大论)(阴阳应象大论)n英译:英译:Clear yang fills the four limbs, whereas turb
2、id yin passes through the six yang organs.n说明:说明:“支支肢肢”、“府府腑腑”为古今字。为古今字。2022-3-284n2)高梁高梁之变,足生大之变,足生大丁丁。(生气通天论)。(生气通天论)n英译:英译:Overeating the fat meat and fine grain can cause the occurrence of abscesses.n说明:高,通说明:高,通“膏膏”;梁,通;梁,通“粱粱”。“膏粱膏粱”就就是肥肉精米。是肥肉精米。“足足”有有“能能”意。意。“丁丁”似为似为“且且”(与疽同)之讹字。(与疽同)之讹字。“丁丁
3、”“”“且且”古文形近致误。古文形近致误。膏粱之害,所以能生大疽,是因厚味郁为内热,发膏粱之害,所以能生大疽,是因厚味郁为内热,发于肌肉,毒深则为痈为疽。于肌肉,毒深则为痈为疽。扁鹊心书扁鹊心书卷上引卷上引“丁丁”作作“疽疽”。其书虽伪,此点却甚可取(郭霭。其书虽伪,此点却甚可取(郭霭春,春,1999:17)。无论从文理还是医理来看,膏)。无论从文理还是医理来看,膏粱之变所生均应为粱之变所生均应为“痈疽痈疽”,而非,而非“疔疮疔疮”。2022-3-285n3) 经言盛者经言盛者写写之,虚者补之,余之,虚者补之,余锡锡以方士,而以方士,而方士用之,尚未能十全。(至真要大论)方士用之,尚未能十全。
4、(至真要大论)n英译:英译:Medical classics stated that excessive pattern should be reduced, and deficient pattern should be supplemented. I have instructed the physicians with these principles but they cannot obtain a satisfactory result.n说明:说明:“写写泻泻”为古今字;锡,通为古今字;锡,通“赐赐”。 2022-3-286n4) 四支四支解解堕,此脾精之不行也。(示从堕,此脾精之
5、不行也。(示从容论)容论) n英译:英译: Slackness and weakness of the extremities is caused by the inability of the spleen to spread the essence.n说明:说明:“解解懈懈”为古今字。脾精之不行,为古今字。脾精之不行,即脾不散精。即脾不散精。2022-3-287n5) 阴阳者,万物之阴阳者,万物之能能始也。(阴阳应象始也。(阴阳应象大论)大论)n英译:英译:Yin and yang are the origin of all things.n说明:孙诒让说明:孙诒让札迻札迻:“能者,胎之借
6、能者,胎之借字。字。”尔雅尔雅 释诂释诂:“胎,始也。胎,始也。”2022-3-2882.词义的演变与翻译词义的演变与翻译n2.1 词义范围的缩小与翻译词义范围的缩小与翻译n2.2 词义范围的转移与翻译词义范围的转移与翻译n2.3 复词的偏义与翻译复词的偏义与翻译n2.4 词语的同形与翻译词语的同形与翻译2022-3-2892.1 词义范围的缩小与翻译词义范围的缩小与翻译n1) 丈夫丈夫八岁,肾气实,发长齿更。(上古天真八岁,肾气实,发长齿更。(上古天真论)论)n英译:英译: In a man, at the age of 8 the boys kidney qi is abundant, h
7、is hair grows and his baby teeth are replaced by permanent ones.n说明:说明:尔雅尔雅释亲释亲:“男子谓之丈夫。男子谓之丈夫。”可可见,文中见,文中“丈夫丈夫”所指实为男子。后来,所指实为男子。后来,“丈夫丈夫”的意义范围缩小为的意义范围缩小为“妻的夫妻的夫”(段逸山,(段逸山,2002:294)。)。2022-3-2810n2) 其病生于内,其治宜其病生于内,其治宜毒药毒药。(异法方宜论)。(异法方宜论)n英译:英译: People are apt to suffer from visceral illness due to f
8、oods and emotions, which should be treated by medicinals.n说明:张介宾注,说明:张介宾注,“毒药者,总括药饵而言,凡能毒药者,总括药饵而言,凡能治病者,皆可称为毒药治病者,皆可称为毒药”;汪机说,;汪机说,“药谓草木鱼药谓草木鱼虫禽兽之类,以能攻病,皆谓之毒虫禽兽之类,以能攻病,皆谓之毒”。而今天的。而今天的“毒药毒药”,指能危害生物体生理机能并引起死亡的,指能危害生物体生理机能并引起死亡的药物,其范围远远小于治病的药物。药物,其范围远远小于治病的药物。 2022-3-28112.2 词义范围的转移与翻译词义范围的转移与翻译n1) 三阴
9、之所交结于三阴之所交结于脚脚也。(水热穴论)也。(水热穴论)n英译:英译: The three foot yin meridians meet at the lower leg.n说明:说明:说文说文肉部肉部“脚,胫也。脚,胫也。”段玉裁注:段玉裁注:“膝下踝膝下踝上曰胫。上曰胫。”可见,可见,“脚脚”的古义为小腿(从膝盖到脚跟的的古义为小腿(从膝盖到脚跟的一段)。而足太阴、足少阴、足厥阴所交之处一段)。而足太阴、足少阴、足厥阴所交之处“三阴交三阴交”穴正是位于小腿穴正是位于小腿内踝高点上三寸。古代内踝高点上三寸。古代“足足”字方与现字方与现在的在的“脚脚”义相当,如汉义相当,如汉 张仲景张仲
10、景伤寒论伤寒论序序:“按寸按寸不及尺,握手不及足。不及尺,握手不及足。”后来,后来,“脚脚”由由“小腿小腿”义转移义转移为为“足足”义。如唐义。如唐孙思邈孙思邈千金要方千金要方论风毒状论风毒状,“然然此病发,初得先从脚起,因即胫肿。此病发,初得先从脚起,因即胫肿。”由由“脚脚”而而“胫胫”,“脚脚”指指“足足”无疑。无疑。“脚脚”的原始义的原始义“小腿小腿”与后起义与后起义“足足”属人体相邻部位,自然具有相当的联系(段逸山,属人体相邻部位,自然具有相当的联系(段逸山,2002:295)。)。2022-3-2812n2)胞痹者,少腹膀胱,按之内痛,若沃以)胞痹者,少腹膀胱,按之内痛,若沃以汤汤,
11、涩于小便,涩于小便,上为清涕。(痹论)上为清涕。(痹论)n英译:英译: The symptoms of the bladder bi-pattern are as follows: a hot sensation like being sprinkled with hot water when the thighs are pressed by hands, difficult urination, and nasal mucus.n说明:汤,本义是说明:汤,本义是“热水热水”,如,如素问素问逆调论逆调论:“人人有身寒,汤火不能热,厚衣不能温。有身寒,汤火不能热,厚衣不能温。”后来转为煮熟食后
12、来转为煮熟食物的汁液(物的汁液(soup)。内痛,)。内痛,太素太素作作“两髀两髀”。按林。按林亿校引全元起本亦作亿校引全元起本亦作“两髀两髀”,与,与太素太素合(郭霭春,合(郭霭春,1999:251)。沃,浇。)。沃,浇。 2022-3-28132.3 复词的偏义与翻译复词的偏义与翻译n1)北风生于冬,病在肾,俞在)北风生于冬,病在肾,俞在腰股腰股。(金匮真言论)。(金匮真言论)n英译:英译:The north wind occurs in winter. The diseases always arise in the kidney meridian and are manifested
13、in the waist.n说明:王冰注:说明:王冰注:“腰为肾府,股接次之,以气相连,腰为肾府,股接次之,以气相连,故兼言也。故兼言也。”据之,病在肾,而腰为肾府,自然是据之,病在肾,而腰为肾府,自然是“俞在腰俞在腰”,而不是,而不是“俞在股俞在股”或或“俞在腰与股俞在腰与股”。“腰股腰股”偏义于腰。俞在:周学海说,偏义于腰。俞在:周学海说,“俞,应也。俞,应也。非俞穴非俞穴”。2022-3-28142.4 词语的同形与翻译词语的同形与翻译n1) 岁运太过,则运星北越,岁运太过,则运星北越,运气运气相得,则各行以道。(气相得,则各行以道。(气交变大论)交变大论)n英译:英译:When the
14、 qi of the elements motion dominating the year is excessive, the corresponding star will leave its track and move northward. It is only when the qi of the five elements motion and that of the six climates get along well, can the corresponding star which dominates the year move along its track.n说明:运气
15、,指五运六气(说明:运气,指五运六气(five elements motion and six climates),而非),而非 fortune 或或 luck。岁运,指统主一。岁运,指统主一岁的五运六气。岁的五运六气。2022-3-2815n2)络脉之)络脉之病人病人也微,故起居如故而息有音也微,故起居如故而息有音也。(逆调论)也。(逆调论)n英译:英译: The diseased collaterals affect human slightly. Therefore the patient can lead a normal daily life just with a sound in
16、 respiration.n说明:病人,使人患病。说明:病人,使人患病。2022-3-28163 词义的辨析与翻译词义的辨析与翻译n3.1 言语环境制约法辨别词义与翻译言语环境制约法辨别词义与翻译n3.2 依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译2022-3-28173.1 言语环境制约法辨别词义与翻译言语环境制约法辨别词义与翻译n黄帝问曰:黄帝问曰:“人身人身非常非常温也,温也,非常非常热也,热也,为之热而烦满者,何也?为之热而烦满者,何也?”岐伯对曰:岐伯对曰:“阴气少而阳气胜,故热而烦满也。阴气少而阳气胜,故热而烦满也。”(帝曰:(帝曰:“人身非人身非衣衣寒也,中非有寒气寒也
17、,中非有寒气也,寒从中生者何?也,寒从中生者何?”岐伯曰:岐伯曰:“是人是人多痹气也,阳气少阴气多,故身寒如从多痹气也,阳气少阴气多,故身寒如从水中出。水中出。”)(逆调论)(逆调论)2022-3-2818nHuang-Di asked: When one has fever and feels vexed and oppressed but not owing to the wearing of warm clothes, what is the reason? nQi Bo answered: It is due to deficiency of yin qi and overabunda
18、nce of yang qi. 2022-3-28193.2 依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译依据对举结构辨析词义与翻译n邪气邪气盛盛则实,精气则实,精气夺夺则虚。(通评虚实论)则虚。(通评虚实论)n英译:英译:Disease patterns caused by overabundant pathogenic factors are excessive, while those caused by damaged healthy qi are deficient.n说明:夺,今义多作说明:夺,今义多作“争夺争夺”解,但用于句中,则解,但用于句中,则义不相协。此当作义不相协。此当作“失失”解,与解,
19、与“盛盛”反义对举。反义对举。说文说文奞部奞部:“奪,手持奞失之也。奪,手持奞失之也。”段玉裁注:段玉裁注:“引申为凡失去物之称引申为凡失去物之称”(汉(汉许慎撰,清许慎撰,清段玉裁段玉裁注,注,1988:144上)。上)。2022-3-28204. 修辞与翻译修辞与翻译n4.1 比喻与翻译比喻与翻译n4.2 错综、词义的识别与翻译错综、词义的识别与翻译n4.3 互备、句意的理解与翻译互备、句意的理解与翻译n4.4 举隅、句意的理解与翻译举隅、句意的理解与翻译2022-3-2821n阳气者,若天与日,失其所则折寿而不彰。(生气通天论)阳气者,若天与日,失其所则折寿而不彰。(生气通天论)n英译:
20、英译:Yang qi in the human body is just like the sun in the sky. When the sun fails to move normally, all things cannot exist; and when yang qi fails to move normally, the man cannot grow and will die early.n说明:楼英:说明:楼英:“人之阳气犹天之日光,人失阳气,而知觉人之阳气犹天之日光,人失阳气,而知觉运动视听言嗅之灵明运动视听言嗅之灵明 坏不彰、寿命易折,犹天之失光明,坏不彰、寿命易折,犹天
21、之失光明,则万物无以发生也。则万物无以发生也。”彰,同彰,同“章章”。匡谬正俗匡谬正俗六六:“古谓大木为章。古谓大木为章。”引申引申“章章”有长大之意。折寿而不彰,有长大之意。折寿而不彰,意为人易致夭折,而不能生长壮大(郭霭春,意为人易致夭折,而不能生长壮大(郭霭春,1999:75)。)。2022-3-28224.2 错综、词义的识别与翻译错综、词义的识别与翻译n刺针必肃,刺肿必摇,刺针必肃,刺肿必摇,经刺经刺勿摇。此刺之道也。(诊勿摇。此刺之道也。(诊要经终论)要经终论)n英译:英译: In pricking, the needle should be inserted quickly; w
22、hen treating swelling, the needle should be waggled to remove the pathogenic factors; when pricking the meridians, waggling method is not necessary. These are the essentials of acupuncture.n说明:说明:“经刺经刺”,较费解,但对照上文之,较费解,但对照上文之“刺针刺针”、“刺肿刺肿”,可知,可知“经刺经刺”即即“刺经刺经”。此为交错语序。此为交错语序。2022-3-28234.3 互备、句意的理解与翻译互备
23、、句意的理解与翻译n五藏五藏有俞,有俞,六府六府有合。(痹论)有合。(痹论)n英译:英译:All the viscera have shu-stream and he-sea points.n说明:该句前有说明:该句前有“五藏皆有合五藏皆有合”、“六府亦各六府亦各有俞有俞”句,可知此句应正确理解为:五藏六府句,可知此句应正确理解为:五藏六府皆有俞合。张介宾在皆有俞合。张介宾在类经类经卷十七卷十七痹证痹证中指出:中指出:“五藏有俞,六府有合,乃兼藏府而五藏有俞,六府有合,乃兼藏府而互言也。互言也。”意即本句使用了互备这一修辞手法。意即本句使用了互备这一修辞手法。2022-3-28244.4 举隅
24、、句意的理解与翻译举隅、句意的理解与翻译n冬则闭塞。闭塞者,冬则闭塞。闭塞者,用药而少针石用药而少针石也。(通评虚实也。(通评虚实论)论)n英译:英译:Winter is the season of shutting. When treating diseases in this season, practitioners should prescribe more medicinals and apply less acupuncture.n说明:说明:“用药而少针石用药而少针石”意为多用药而少用针石。意为多用药而少用针石。举下文举下文“少针石少针石”,见上文,见上文“用药用药”当为多用药的
25、当为多用药的意思(举此见彼)。因为冬时之气闭藏于体内,而意思(举此见彼)。因为冬时之气闭藏于体内,而针石宜治外,汤药善治内,故云。针石宜治外,汤药善治内,故云。2022-3-28255. 校勘与翻译校勘与翻译n诸筋者,皆属于诸筋者,皆属于节节。(五藏生成篇)。(五藏生成篇)n英译:英译:All sinews are connected with the liver.n说明:节,说明:节,太素太素作作“肝肝”。按作。按作“肝肝”是。是。千金千金卷十一卷十一筋极筋极“肝肝应筋,筋与肝合应筋,筋与肝合”(郭霭春,(郭霭春,1999:66)。)。2022-3-2826Thank You for Your Attention!