1、1 小学英语语法知识汇总小学英语语法知识汇总 一一、名词:名词单复数,名词的格名词:名词单复数,名词的格 ( (一一) )名词单复数名词单复数 1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以 s. x. sh. ch 结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3. 以 “ 辅 音 字 母 +y ” 结 尾 , 变y为i, 再 加 -es , 如 : family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4.以“f 或
2、 fe”结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives 5.不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea ( (二二) )名词的格名词的格
3、(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格: a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirt b) 以 s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bags c) 不以 s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoes l 并列名词中,如果把 s 加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如: Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车 l 要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加s Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如: a picture of
4、 the classroom a map of China 二二、冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类: (1)(1)不定冠词:不定冠词:a / ana / an 元音开头的可数名词前用 an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an
5、 interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson / (2)(2)定冠词:定冠词:thethe 定冠词的用法: (1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk. (2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new. (3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys arent at school. (4)在序数词前:Johns birthday is February the second. (5)用于固定词组中:in
6、 the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况: (1)专有名词前:China is a big country. (2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: This is my baseball. (3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers. (4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday. (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30. 2 (6)球
7、类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well. (7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music. (8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li. (9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus 三、代词、形容词、副词三、代词、形容词、副词 代词:人称代词,物主代词 人称代词物主代词 主格宾格 第一 人称单数 I(我)memy(我的) 复数 we(我们)usour(我们
8、的) 第二 人称单数 you(你)youyour(你的) 复数 you(你们)youyour(你们的) 第三 人称单数 he(他)himhis(他的) she(她)herher(她的) it(它)itits(它的) 复数 they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的) 形容词,副词:比较级,最高级 ( (一一) )形容词的比较级形容词的比较级 1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词 than。比较级前面可以用 more, a little 来修饰表示程度。than 后的人称代词用主格(口语中可 用宾格)。 2.形容词加 er
9、 的规则: 一般在词尾加 er ; 以字母 e 结尾,加 r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加 er ; 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把 y 变 i,再加 er 。 3.不规则形容词比较级: good-better, beautiful-more beautiful ( (二二) )副词的比较级副词的比较级 1.形容词与副词的区别(有 be 用形,有形用 be;有动用副,有副用动) 在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或 be 动词之后 副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后 2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far
10、-farther) 四、数词:基数词、序数词四、数词:基数词、序数词 基数词基数词 (1)1-20 one, two, three, four,five, six,seven,eight, nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen, fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty (2)21-99 先说“几十” ,再说“几” ,中间加连字符。 23twenty-three, 34thirty-four, 45fortyfive, 56fifty-six, 67sixty-seven, 78seven
11、ty-eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one 3 (3)101999 先说“几百” ,再加 and,再加末两位数或末位数; 586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three (4)l,000 以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“, ” ,第一个“, ”前为 thousand.第二个 “, ”前为 million,第三个“, ”前为 billion 1,001one thousand and one 18,423eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three
12、 6,260,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty billion 序数词序数词 (1)一般在基数词后加 th eg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth (2)不规则变化 onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth, twelvetwelfth (3)以 y 结尾的十位整数,变 y 为 ie 再加 th twenty
13、twentieth, fortyfortieth, ninetyninetieth (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变 为序数词。 twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 五、动词:动词的四种时态:五、动词:动词的四种时态: (1)(1)一般现在时:一般现在时: 一般现在时的构成 1. be 动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(
14、he, she, it)时, 要在动词后加“-s“或“-es“。 如: Mary likes Chinese. 玛丽喜欢汉语。 动词+s 的变化规则 1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾, 加-es, 如: guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:study-studies (2)(2)一般过去时一般过去时: : 动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有: A、规则动词 一般直接在动词的后面
15、加 ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited 以 e 结尾的动词直接加 d:如 lived , danced , used 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed(此类动词较少)如 study studied carry carried worry worried (注意 play、stay 不是辅音字母加 y,所以不属于此类) 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped B、 不规则动词(此类词并无规则, 须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式: sing sang , eat ate , see saw , have
16、 had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was , are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell told , draw drew , come came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt (3)(3)一般将来时:一般将来时: 基本结构: 4 be going to + do; will+ do. be goi
17、ng to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow. (4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词 动词现在分词详解 动词的 ing 形式的构成规则: 一般的直接在后面加上 ing , 如 doing , going , working , singing , eating 以 e 结尾的动词,要先去 e 再加 ing ,如 having , writing 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting