1、Unit 1 Wish you were hereGrammar and usageWhat is the attibutive clause?There was an earthquake Step 1 Lead-inLead-in 一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后，对这个名词（代词）进行修饰限定的句子就叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。which is happend in Tangshan in 1976.先行词先行词关系词关系词关系词关系词关系代词关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, 关系副词关系副词: : when, wh
2、ere, whyThis is the boy who often helps me.The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?The river which is in front of my house is very clean.The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.I dont know the reason why he was late.This is the place wh
3、ere we have lived for 5 years.Ill never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.关系词的功能关系词的功能：1.1.连接主连接主句和句和从句从句2.2.指代先行词指代先行词3.3.在在从句从句中中充当成分充当成分Non-restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Below is an article about the advantages and disadvantages of tourism. Find the sentences with
4、 non-restrictive relative clauses in the article and fill in the box of part A on page 6.These industries, in turn, give jobs to the local population, whose welfare depends on tourism.Step 2 Exploring the rulesExploring the rulesl 社区的命脉社区的命脉 l 服务行业服务行业 l 持续增长持续增长 l 依次，轮流；反过来依次，轮流；反过来 l 繁荣的产业繁荣的产业 l
5、称心如意的境遇称心如意的境遇 l 观光胜地观光胜地 l 和谐相处和谐相处 Useful Expressionsl 野生物栖息地野生物栖息地 l 土地的自然特性土地的自然特性 l 处于危险中处于危险中 l 使使.受到伤害受到伤害 l 失去对失去对.的尊重的尊重 l 旨在旨在 . l 未来许多代人未来许多代人 Useful ExpressionsTourism allows service industries to _, thus giving jobs to _, and bringing more wealth to _.eTourist destinations may be at ris
6、k _, with wildlife habitats _ and the local culture receiving _.grow consistently the local population the surrounding community physically and culturally suffering insufficient respect What are the advantages and disadvantages of tourism?The prices of tourist essentials such as transport, accommoda
7、tion and food usually increase too, which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community.More nature-centred tourist attractions, where man and nature live in harmony, can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustain
8、ed, wildlife habitats are likely to suffer, which could endanger the local plants and animals.Local festivals and customs, which may have deep meaning in a particular culture, can simply become entertainment for tourists.Read and compare the following pair of sentences.These industries, in turn, giv
9、e jobs to the local population, whose welfare depends on tourism.These industries, in turn, give jobs to the local population whose welfare depends on tourism.Step 3 Working out the rulesWorking out the rules1. He has two sisters who work in the same company.2. He has two sisters, who work in the sa
10、me company.Compare the following examples. He has only two sisters.Perhaps he has more than two sisters.Read the following sentences and identify what “which” refers to respectively.The prices of tourist essentials such as transport, accommodation and food usually increase too, which brings even mor
11、e wealth to the surrounding community. As resources are used more rapidly than they can be sustained, wildlife habitats are likely to suffer, which could endanger the local plants and animals.Step 3 Working out the rulesWorking out the rules We often use a non-restrictive relative clause to add extr
12、a information to a noun, pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause. A comma is usually used to separate the adding clause and the main clause. We usually introduce a non-restrictive relative clause with a relative pronoun like who, whom, and whose or a relative adverb like when an
13、d where. The relative pronoun or adverb (1)_ (can/ cannot) be left out in a non-restrictive relative clause.cannotStep 3 Working out the rulesWorking out the rules We can use (2)_ (which/ who/ where) in a non-restrictive relative clause to refer to the main clause as a whole. whichStep 3 Working out
14、 the rulesWorking out the rulesStep 4 Detail rulesDetail rules一、引导非限制性定语的关系词关系代词关系代词指人指人指物指物在定语从句中的作用在定语从句中的作用whowhomwhosewhich主语，宾语主语，宾语宾语宾语定语定语主语，宾语主语，宾语Step 3 Working out the rulesWorking out the rules关系副词指地点指原因指时间 在定语从句中的作用wherewhenfor which时间状语时间状语地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules
15、1. Jack told me he would join the Poetry Club, surprised me greatly.2. I live in Nanjing, is a big city.3. Our guide, was a German American, was an excellent cook.4. Peter, you met in New York, is now back in London.5. The boy, mother is a professor, studies very hard.6. Above the trees are the moun
16、tains, magnificence is faithfully reflected on the surface of the river.6. I visit my grandparents on weekends, I do not go to school.7. They went to Paris, they lived for three years.whichwhichwhowhomwhosewhosewhenwhereStep 4 Detail rulesDetail rulesAs we all know, he studies very hard.As is known
17、to all, he is the tallest student in our class.He is not the same man as he was.二、as和which引导的非限制定语从句的区别as可以引导非限制定语从句，其先行词是整个句子，在非限制定语从句中可作主语，表语或宾语。多见于一些习惯表达中：as is well known, as you see, as we expect.限制性定语从句中as可以修饰人或物，主要用语一些固定句式：the same.as.、such.as.、so.as.Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rulesAs we all k
18、now, he studies very hard.As is known to all, he is the tallest student in our class.He is not the same man as he was.He was late for the meeting, which made the chairman very angry.I want to buy the house, which has a garden.Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules二、as和which引导的非限制定语从句的区别区分点aswhich位置位置灵活，可位于
19、主句前，中，后只能位于主句之后翻译时的区别 正如，正像，像.一样这一点，这件事先行词指代说明整个主句既可以是整个主句，也可以指代某个词语Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules1. Taiwan belongs to China, is known.2. She is a patient, is shown in her work.3. the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a a history book, or even a piece of reportage.4. My elder sister has
20、 become a doctor, I wanted to be.5. The book, I bought yesterday, is very interesting. asAsas/whichwhichwhichStep 4 Detail rulesDetail rules三、使用非限制性定语从句的注意事项The sun, which rises in the east, gives us light and heat.My house, which I bought last year, has a lovely garden.当先行词是独一无二的食物、专有名词或被物主代词、指示代词修
21、饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句。Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules四、非限制性定语从句的特殊结构In the dark street, there wasnt a single person, to whom she could turn for help.He built a telescope, through which he could study stars.形式：1.介词+关系代词（1）:介词+关系代词which（指物）, 介词+关系代词whom（指人）当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词which或whom不能省略Step 4 Detail
22、 rulesDetail rulesIn the dark street, there wasnt a single person, to whom she could turn for help.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person whom she could turn to for help.who, that, 省略限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物) 或that/who/whom(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。Step 4 Detail rulesDetail
23、rules形式：(2).名词/代词+介词+关系代词此类结构常见的有some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most/the largest+of+which/whom等形式I have many friends, some of whom are experts.Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules注意事项：关系代词前介词的确定(1).依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配来确定。I bought a g
24、reat many books, I spent all my money that I saved.(2).依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来进行。Ill never forget the time I spent my childhood in the country.(3).根据所表达的意思来确定。The colorless gas we cannot live is called oxygen.on whichduring whichwithout whichStep 4 Detail rulesDetail rules五、非限制性定语和从句的限制性定语从句区别区别区别非限制定语从句非限制定语
25、从句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式通常用逗号跟主句隔开不用逗号跟主句隔开作用只对先行词起补充说明的作用，可修饰先行词或主句；和主句关系不是很紧密，即使去掉，主句的意思仍然清晰对先行词起限制作用，只可修饰先行词；是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意义就不完成、不明确或失去意义译法通常翻译成与主语并列的句子通常翻译成定语关系词的使用1.关系词中没有关系代词that和关系副词why2.关系词不可以省略1.关系词中有关系代词that和关系副词why2.作宾语的关系代词可省略Step 4 Detail rulesDetail rules做题四部曲 1.划分主从句2.圈先行词 3.先行词代入从句S
26、tep 4 Detail rulesDetail rules1. My eldest son,_ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.2. The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. 3. The publication of Great Expectations, _was both widely reviewed and highly praised, stren
27、gthened Dickens status as a leading novelist.4. Many young people, most of _were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. whose that which whomStep 4 Detail rulesDetail rules5. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. 6. One day，menta
28、lly exhausted，I wrote down all the reasons _ this problem could not be solved. 7. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of _ has been proved. 8. I made friends with the natives，and their reaction amazed me.They gave me presents of their favorite artworks _ they
29、 had refused to sell to tourists. when why which which/thatStep 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesB 1 Rewrite the following sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. 1. My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people. Some of them had never been abroad before.2. My favourite place to v
30、isit is a little village near Shanghai. My grandma was born there. My parents went on a tour of Japan with 20 people, some of whom had never been abroad before.My favourite place to visit is a little village near Shanghai, where my grandma was born.Step 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rules3. Dr Lu
31、o will give us a tour of Beijing. He is an expert in Chinese history.4. Id rather visit Europe in summer. The weather is at its best in summer.5. Im reading a guidebook to Rome. It is really fascinating and helpful.Dr Luo, who is an expert in Chinese history, will give us a tour of Beijing.Id rather
32、 visit Europe in summer, when the weather is at its best.Im reading a guidebook to Rome, which is really fascinating and helpful.Step 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesB 2Below is an article about how to be a sustainable tourist. Complete the article with the correct non-restrictive relative cla
33、uses in the box below. There is one clause you do NOT need to use. Write the letters in the blanks. Step 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesSustainable tourism, (1) _, is not just about seeing the sightsit is also about connecting with people and their cultures, making a positive impact on the pl
34、aces we visit and enhancing opportunities for the future. So, how can we be sustainable tourists?c which is becoming increasingly popular nowadaysIt is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner. Getting to a tourist destination by airplane, (2) _ , has a huge impact on the global env
35、ironment. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot whenever possible.a which greatly increases our carbon footprintStep 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesWhen at the hotel, we can reduce our impact
36、by cutting back on water consumption and not having our bedding and towels washed every day. We also need to protect the local culture. When visiting temples or churches, (3) _, we should dress appropriately. d where a strict dress code may be requiredWhile travelling, we should respect the right to
37、 privacy. We must ask for permission before taking pictures of the local people, (4) _.In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respectfor nature, cutlture and people.b who are human beings and not on displayStep 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesIn pairs, discuss more ways to be a
38、sustainable tourist, using non-restrictive relative clauses.B 3ExampleWhen you travel, never buy wildlife products, which are made from animal skins or other animal parts.Step 5 Applying the rulesApplying the rulesl When you travel, youd better buy souvenirs from the local people, may make a living
39、by selling handmade items.l When you travel, say no to plastic products, reduces your carbon footprint.l When you travel, help the local children in the right way in some developing countries, your kind giving often has unintended consequences.Ways to be a sustainable tourist Ways to be a sustainable tourist whowhichwhere Finish exercises C on P76
