1、【命题人点拨】【命题人点拨】 考考查查重重点点 1. 直接理解题。(信息可在原文中直接找直接理解题。(信息可在原文中直接找到答案)到答案)2. 语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换)关信息进行语意上的转换) 备备考考策策略略 1. 理解题干所问理解题干所问2. 准确定位信息准确定位信息3. 分析对比定选项分析对比定选项 细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例,细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例,其主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中其主要考查考生对文章(或某一段落)中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。能力。一、
2、命题特点一、命题特点 所谓细节理解题,是指原文提到了某事物、现象所谓细节理解题,是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括或理论,题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常用who, what, when, where, why和和how等提问)、语意转化题等提问)、语意转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换,(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排
3、列顺序题、图表图方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。画题等。 其常见设问方式有:其常见设问方式有:1. Which of the following is/isnt true? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned? 3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 4. All of the following statements may be true/false except. . . 5. Which of the following maps/
4、diagrams gives the right position of. . . ? 6. What does the writer pay least attention to? 7. Which of the following is not the result of. . . ? 8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what. . . is like? 9. The author mentions all of the following except. . . 10. All of the following statem
5、ents are true except. . . 【名师点睛】【名师点睛】1. 细节理解题解题策略细节理解题解题策略(1)细心审题,直接根据问题找答案。)细心审题,直接根据问题找答案。解答此类题目时,不必通篇细读全文,要采取代解答此类题目时,不必通篇细读全文,要采取代入法,即带着问题在原文中寻找答案,先从问题入法,即带着问题在原文中寻找答案,先从问题中找准关键词,然后进行信息定位,运用略读及中找准关键词,然后进行信息定位,运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找相关信息。查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找相关信息。(2)变通理解,间接转述分析选项。)变通理解,间接转述分析选项。根据所找信息,分析选项,对
6、比其中所用词汇,根据所找信息,分析选项,对比其中所用词汇,进行变通,避免误选答案。进行变通,避免误选答案。 (3)多方归纳,综合事实定答案。)多方归纳,综合事实定答案。细节理解题有时考查的不是单一的信息,而是多细节理解题有时考查的不是单一的信息,而是多处信息的整合,这时要有足够的耐心,一定要全处信息的整合,这时要有足够的耐心,一定要全面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳、切不可面捕捉相关信息,进行综合分析、归纳、切不可草率地进行选择。草率地进行选择。 2. 细节理解题干扰项特点细节理解题干扰项特点3 3、命题中主要采用以下几种干扰方法:、命题中主要采用以下几种干扰方法:干扰项与原句极为相似,只是
7、略干扰项与原句极为相似,只是略微有些变动。望文生义是造成错误选择的主要原因。微有些变动。望文生义是造成错误选择的主要原因。一些干扰项中,某个句子或词语是一些干扰项中,某个句子或词语是正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误正确的,其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面,正误并存,命题者借此以假乱真。因此,只要一个选项局部并存,命题者借此以假乱真。因此,只要一个选项局部有误或选项不全面,都是需要排除的干扰项。有误或选项不全面,都是需要排除的干扰项。有些干扰项是通过改变或去有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小范围的方式来误导考生。掉限定词语,甚至是扩大或缩小范围的方式来误导考生
8、。 考生在答题时一定要提防上述干扰手法,小心谨慎考生在答题时一定要提防上述干扰手法,小心谨慎对待。对待。3. 各考点解题策略各考点解题策略做这类题一般采用做这类题一般采用,即先读题,然,即先读题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行分析关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行分析对比,找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信对比,找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息,确定最佳答案。息,确定最佳答案。 二、考点分类二、考点分类【考点一】【考点一】对号入座题对号入座题 A study reported last fall suggests that
9、having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet- and- exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet
10、 program. On average, people lost about 11 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overallmostly with thei
11、r dogsand found it worth doing. Q:The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that_ . A. people with dogs did more exerciseB. dogs lost the same weight as people didC. dogs liked exercise much more than people didD. people without dogs found the program unhelpful【思路剖析】【思路剖析】此题为对号入座题。属于直接事实此
12、题为对号入座题。属于直接事实理解。根据文章最后一段理解。根据文章最后一段“Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall. . . ”可可知,狗的主人虽然没有比那些没有狗的人减肥明知,狗的主人虽然没有比那些没有狗的人减肥明显,但是他们做了更多的运动,答案为显,但是他们做了更多的运动,答案为A项。项。【答案】【答案】A(2)是非判断题)是非判断题此类试题多根据文章的一段或数段提问,考查考此类试题多根据文章的一段或数段提问,考查
13、考生在现实生活中的阅读技能,即快速、准确寻找生在现实生活中的阅读技能,即快速、准确寻找所需信息的能力。这种题目因为覆盖面较广,搜所需信息的能力。这种题目因为覆盖面较广,搜索定位时间较长,因而难度较大,容易给考生带索定位时间较长,因而难度较大,容易给考生带来心理压力。因此考生遇到此类题型时,首先要来心理压力。因此考生遇到此类题型时,首先要调整心理状态,冷静地返回到文章中去寻找答案。调整心理状态,冷静地返回到文章中去寻找答案。在解题时可采取以下步骤:在解题时可采取以下步骤:读懂题干和四个选项的内容,提炼和记忆它们的主读懂题干和四个选项的内容,提炼和记忆它们的主要意思要意思; 带着问题去阅读文章,扫
14、描和搜寻信息点,与题目带着问题去阅读文章,扫描和搜寻信息点,与题目不相关的句子和语段很快掠过,相关信息语言区域则不相关的句子和语段很快掠过,相关信息语言区域则要放慢速度,细致地对照原文和选项提供的信息;要放慢速度,细致地对照原文和选项提供的信息;“对号入座对号入座”,找到解题范围后,立刻排除明显的干,找到解题范围后,立刻排除明显的干扰项,然后扰项,然后“逐个突破逐个突破”,对余下的选项进行筛选,对余下的选项进行筛选,使选项的范围越来越小,判断的准确率越来越高。使选项的范围越来越小,判断的准确率越来越高。【考点二】【考点二】是非判断题是非判断题(2010山东高考山东高考)Christopher
15、Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病糖尿病), Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage, blindness and even death.
16、And if that werent bad enough, he had no health insurance. After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. He left Canton, Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar, and created diabeticrockstar. com, a free online co
17、mmunity for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1, 100 people share personal stories, information and resources. Q:Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? A. He needs to go to the doctor every day. B. He studies the leading cause of diabetes. C. He has a positive attitude
18、to his disease. D. He encourages diabetics by writing articles. 【思路剖析】【思路剖析】由第一段第一句由第一段第一句“Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. ”可知,他写作是在检查出得病之前的事,所以排除可知,他写作是在检查出得病之前的事,所以排除D项;根据第二段第一句项;根据第二段第一句“After a mon
19、th of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. ”以及下文的建立网站以及下文的建立网站可以看出,尽管他生可以看出,尽管他生病,但对疾病他有着积极向上的态度。故病,但对疾病他有着积极向上的态度。故C项正确。项正确。【答案】【答案】C细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解,若能根据细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解,若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子,然后进行比较和分析,便题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子,然后进行比较和分析,便可确定最佳答案。可确定最佳答案。此类题目一般可以在文章中直接
20、或间接找到答案,但是不可此类题目一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型去表达相同能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型去表达相同的思想。例如:原文用双重否定,选项用肯定的句式的思想。例如:原文用双重否定,选项用肯定的句式; 进行同进行同义词替换或句子结构的变换义词替换或句子结构的变换; 或原文与选项互换反义词等等。或原文与选项互换反义词等等。然而这只是词语和句法上的变化,意思是一致的。同时要注意然而这只是词语和句法上的变化,意思是一致的。同时要注意常见干扰项的特点,以免落入陷阱。常见干扰项的特点,以免落入陷阱。 【考点三】【考点三】语意转
21、换题语意转换题(2010广东高考)广东高考)When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refri
22、gerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may cont
23、ain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous. Q:From Paragraph 5, we can learn that_. A. mushrooms should not be eatenB. vegetables are safer than meat and seafoodC. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicalsD. different types of food sh
24、ould be handled differently【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根据第五段,选项根据第五段,选项A说蘑菇不能吃,说蘑菇不能吃,而文中是说野蘑菇不能被食用,所以错误;选项而文中是说野蘑菇不能被食用,所以错误;选项B在文中未被提到;选项在文中未被提到;选项C说由于吃了本身有毒的食说由于吃了本身有毒的食物而中的毒比化学物质导致的中毒更严重,这一物而中的毒比化学物质导致的中毒更严重,这一点在第五段也没有提到;所以选项点在第五段也没有提到;所以选项D说不同类型的说不同类型的食物应该用不同方法处理,是正确答案。食物应该用不同方法处理,是正确答案。【答案】【答案】D(4)逻辑排序题)逻辑排序题
25、逻辑排序题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序逻辑排序题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确顺序。此种题目要运用首尾定位法,最先判断顺序。此种题目要运用首尾定位法,最先判断找出第一个动作和最后一个动作,迅速缩小选找出第一个动作和最后一个动作,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。【考点四】【考点四】逻辑排序题逻辑排序题(2011山东高考)山东高考)The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks
26、up the signals from the scalp(头头皮皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain. Q:Which of the following shows
27、the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? A. scalpcomputercapwheelchairB. computercapscalpwheelchairC. scalpcapcomputerwheelchairD. capcomputerscalpwheelchair【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根据第五段可知,首先研究人员为用户设计一种根据第五段可知,首先研究人员为用户设计一种特殊的帽子,它会捕捉头皮发出的信号并将其传给电脑。电脑特殊的帽子,它会捕捉头皮发出的信号并将其传给电脑。电脑将这些信号进行分析翻译,给监控下的机器人轮椅发出指令
28、。将这些信号进行分析翻译,给监控下的机器人轮椅发出指令。机器人轮椅装有两部摄像头能识别信号路径中的物体,从而帮机器人轮椅装有两部摄像头能识别信号路径中的物体,从而帮助电脑对人脑的指令做出反应。故此处助电脑对人脑的指令做出反应。故此处C 项正确。项正确。【答案】【答案】C在含有图表识别题的阅读理解中,有的图表图画出现在阅读理在含有图表识别题的阅读理解中,有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中,有的出现在选项中,这些图片的出现增加了试题的解文章中,有的出现在选项中,这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性,同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试直观性,同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时
29、候,一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息,特别是有些题的时候,一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息,特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的,可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。事实是通过图片来叙述的,可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。 【考点五】【考点五】图形识别题图形识别题(2009安徽高考)安徽高考)Q:The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008,_. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the percentage of the White families w
30、ith a computer remained unchangedC. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【思路剖析】【思路剖析】由柱形图可以清楚地看出,拥有电脑的亚洲家庭由柱形图可以清楚地看出,拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加,其他三项表述都与图表不符,故的数量急剧增加,其他三项表述都与图表不符,故D项正确。项正确。【答案】【答案】D
31、此类题一般为直接年代、数字的对应查找,有时也会出现要求此类题一般为直接年代、数字的对应查找,有时也会出现要求对年代或数字进行计算的考题。对前者,可根据文中信息较快对年代或数字进行计算的考题。对前者,可根据文中信息较快地确定答案;对后者,首先要弄清题干是怎么问的,然后根据地确定答案;对后者,首先要弄清题干是怎么问的,然后根据其内在的逻辑关系对年代和数字进行分析和计算,得出正确答其内在的逻辑关系对年代和数字进行分析和计算,得出正确答案。在做此类题时,还要注意弄清单位之间的换算关系,避免案。在做此类题时,还要注意弄清单位之间的换算关系,避免出现计算错误。出现计算错误。 【考点六】【考点六】数字换算题
32、数字换算题(2010四川高考)四川高考)The three shipsthe MV Prantalay 11,12,and 14had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing,pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors. Q: How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report? A. 228. B. 77. C. 38
33、3. D. 305. 【思路剖析】【思路剖析】根据倒数第二段的根据倒数第二段的“. . . had 77 members on board in total. ”和和 “Before the Sunday robbing, pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors. ”可知答案为可知答案为D项。项。【答案】【答案】D 似是而非,不求甚解似是而非,不求甚解 Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant landis Easter Island, which lies
34、 1, 260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2, 300 miles west of South America. The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, givi
35、ng them plenty of time to build more than 1, 000 huge stone figures, called moai , for which the island is most famous. . . . Q:Which of the following is most famous for moai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena. 【思路剖析】【思路剖析】(1)分析题干可知,因)分析题干可知,因moai 而闻名的是一座岛而闻名的是
36、一座岛屿屿(the island),因此解题的关键就在于找到上文最后一句话中,因此解题的关键就在于找到上文最后一句话中the island 的具体所指。的具体所指。(2)上文第一段,出现了两个岛的名字:)上文第一段,出现了两个岛的名字:Easter Island和和Pitcairn Island,进一步分析句子结构可知,主语为,进一步分析句子结构可知,主语为Easter Island,而,而Pitcairn Island出现在出现在which引导的非限制性定语从引导的非限制性定语从句中,是和句中,是和Easter Island相邻的岛屿。相邻的岛屿。 所以下段中出现的所以下段中出现的The m
37、ountainous 64-square-mile island和最后一句中的和最后一句中的the island指的也是指的也是Easter Island,故正确答案,故正确答案为为C。【答案】【答案】C【名师点拨】【名师点拨】解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时,考生一定要解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时,考生一定要认真分析句子结构认真分析句子结构, 联系上下文联系上下文, 弄清楚关系词所指代的对象,弄清楚关系词所指代的对象,准确答题。准确答题。 粗心大意,审题不严粗心大意,审题不严 Wang Hao, who won the mens doubles title with Chen Qi last
38、 Monday, played with spirit to beat Wang Liqin 11-9, 13-11, 11-5, 11-9. Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. “I was disappointed by my performances in past championships and the last two Olympic Games. But I have tried to pull myself together and prepared well. This is
39、 the result. ” Wang Hao said he had always understood the importance of physical training and technical skills. Now he knows the need for mental preparation as well. Having two Olympic silvers had left him feeling bitter (痛苦的痛苦的). The bitterness perhaps explains why he has not always played at his b
40、est in the past. . . . Q: From Wang Hao, we can know the main reason for his beating Wang Liqin is_ . A. his technical skills B. his physical trainingC. his mental toughness D. his past experience【思路剖析】【思路剖析】(1)根据原文)根据原文“Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. ”可知虽然在后续文可知
41、虽然在后续文章中也提到了章中也提到了his technical skills;his physical training;his past experience但都不是本题所要选择的正确答案。但都不是本题所要选择的正确答案。(2)错选原因是没有抓住细节理解题的重点,审题不细,忽)错选原因是没有抓住细节理解题的重点,审题不细,忽略了题干中的关键词略了题干中的关键词main。【答案】【答案】C 【名师点拨】【名师点拨】对于细节理解题的选项的选择,一定要理解题干,对于细节理解题的选项的选择,一定要理解题干,找出题干中的找出题干中的关键词关键词,然后进行排除,以防以次代主,文不对,然后进行排除,以防以
42、次代主,文不对题。题。 自以为是,脱离原文自以为是,脱离原文 How do people climb the wall? To climb,you need special shoes and harness (保护带保护带) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you dont fall. A beginners wall is usually about 15 feet high,and you climb strai
43、ght up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes its easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes,its not. The most difficult is to control your fear. Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling,so its difficult not to feel fear. But when you mo
44、ve away from the wall,the harness and the ropes hold you,and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top. . . . Q: The most difficult thing to do in wall climbing is _. A. to tie ropes to your harness B. to control your fearC. to move away from the wall D. to climb straight up【思路
45、剖析】【思路剖析】从倒数第三句从倒数第三句“Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so its difficult not to feel fear. ”可知人们在攀可知人们在攀墙时很难控制自己的恐惧。墙时很难控制自己的恐惧。【答案】【答案】B【名师点拨】【名师点拨】细节理解题可通过查读法进行理解,但是答案的细节理解题可通过查读法进行理解,但是答案的依据一定要忠实于原文,不能凭自己的主观感觉进行选择。依据一定要忠实于原文,不能凭自己的主观感觉进行选择。二、解答技巧二、解答技巧 细节是围绕主题展开的,是对中心主题的进一步表达。细节是围绕主题
46、展开的,是对中心主题的进一步表达。细节题是针对原文提到的某个事物、现象或理论的考查。细节题是针对原文提到的某个事物、现象或理论的考查。细节题细节题S S主要考查考生是否能在快速阅读文章的同时,从中主要考查考生是否能在快速阅读文章的同时,从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。有些题获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。有些题是考查原文细节本身,有些是考查某些细节在文中的意义。是考查原文细节本身,有些是考查某些细节在文中的意义。细节题主要表现为以下几种:对事实细节的是非判断、年细节题主要表现为以下几种:对事实细节的是非判断、年代和数字及其计算、事实细节排序等。代和数字及其计算、事实
47、细节排序等。 根据细节理解题的考查特点,我们在解答细节理解题根据细节理解题的考查特点,我们在解答细节理解题时通常采用以下解题技巧:时通常采用以下解题技巧:1. 1. 信息验证法信息验证法 细节理解题多数是对具体信息的考查,我们可以将信细节理解题多数是对具体信息的考查,我们可以将信息分为两类息分为两类直接信息和间接信息。直接信息类的考题,直接信息和间接信息。直接信息类的考题,其答案与原文中含有相关信息的句子在用词上几乎相同,其答案与原文中含有相关信息的句子在用词上几乎相同,考生只需找到原文信息就能解决问题;而间接信息要复杂考生只需找到原文信息就能解决问题;而间接信息要复杂一些,在原文中找不到与正
48、确选项相近的词、句,选项信一些,在原文中找不到与正确选项相近的词、句,选项信息往往与原文信息的表达形式不同。这就需要对原文相关息往往与原文信息的表达形式不同。这就需要对原文相关信息认真理解,这个理解可能牵扯到对某一句话或某些句信息认真理解,这个理解可能牵扯到对某一句话或某些句子的理解。考生在理解其意义时,一定要捕捉到关键性的子的理解。考生在理解其意义时,一定要捕捉到关键性的词,要认真、周全地考虑才能选出正确答案。词,要认真、周全地考虑才能选出正确答案。(2009江西江西B)片段片段Why it happened As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and u
49、ses up the oxygen (air) in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air presses against the egg and then th
50、e egg is pushed into the bottle! This proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on us. Q1: In the experiment the burning inside the bottle can _ . A. equalize the air pressure inside and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produ