1、1物流物流/供应链产品供应链产品The Logistics/Supply Chain Product物流/供应链管理者不是活动的管理者，是对从原材料的产地到最终消费者的产品流动过程的主人。“Logistics/Supply Chain managers are owners of the product-flow process from raw material sources to final consumers, not activity administrators.”CR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.Chapter 32产品计划三角形产品计划三角形Produc
2、t in the Planning TriangleCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.PLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransport Strategy Transport fundamentals Transport decisionsCustomer service goals The product Logistics service Ord . proc. & info. sys.Inventory Strategy Forecasting Inventory decisions Purchasing and supply sched
3、uling decisions Storage fundamentals Storage decisionsLocation Strategy Location decisions The network planning processPLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransport Strategy Transport fundamentals Transport decisionsCustomer service goalsThe product Logistics service Ord . proc. & info. sys.Inventory Strat
4、egy Forecasting Inventory decisions Purchasing and supply scheduling decisions Storage fundamentals Storage decisionsLocation Strategy Location decisions The network planning process3产品的性质产品的性质Nature of the Product 产品的分类产品的分类Product classification- 便利品Convenience goods-选购品 Shopping goods- 特殊商品Specia
5、lty goods-工业品 Industrial goods4Intro-ductionGrowthMaturityDeclineSales volumeTime产品生命周期曲线产品生命周期曲线Product Life-Cycle CurveProduct Life-Cycle CurveCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.5 14 个产品的个产品的ABC分类分类 ABC Classification for 14 ProductsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc. 产品编号 产品按销售额排序a 月销售 (000s) 占总销售额的累计百分比ib占产
6、品种类总数的累计百分比c ABC分类 - D-204 1 $5,056 36.2% 7.1% D-212 2 3,424 60.7 14.3 A D-185-0 3 1,052 68.3 21.4 D-191 4 893 74.6 28.6 B D-192 5 843 80.7 35.7 D-193 6 727 85.7 42.9 D-179-0 7 451 89.1 50.0 D-195 8 412 91.9 57.1 D-196 9 214 93.6 64.3 D-186-0 10 205 95.1 71.4 C D-198-0 11 188 96.4 78.6 D-199 12 172
7、97.6 85.7 D-200 13 170 98.7 92.9 D-205 14 159 100.0 100.0 $13,966 3-50102030405060708090100020406080100产品类别总合产品类别总合Total items (%)销售总额销售总额Total sales (%)A itemsB itemsC itemsCumulative 80-20 CurveCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.3-689产品的性质产品的性质Nature of the Product (Contd)Example假设库存中有假设库存中有10种产品，种产品，15
8、%的产品数量贡献了的产品数量贡献了80%的销售的销售额，这额，这10种产品每年的销售额是种产品每年的销售额是90000美元，美元，A类产品的周转率为类产品的周转率为8，B为为5，C为为2， 那么，该仓库的库存投资是多少？那么，该仓库的库存投资是多少？Suppose that in an inventory of 10 items, 15% of the items account for 80% of the sales volume. The total sales of all 10 items is $90,000 per year. How much inventory can be
9、expected if turnover for A items = 8, B items = 5, and C items = 2?10 Example First, find A.0.0462=.15-.80.80)-.15(1=AThen, using A = 0.0462 and the first item (1/10), we project the salesvolume to be:sales the of 71.6% or ,7156.0.10+.0462.0462).10+(1=Y=The inventory for this item is expected to be
10、0.716(90,000)/8 = $8,055.Continue for the remaining items and generate the following table.产品的性质产品的性质Nature of the Product (Contd)TurnoverTotal salesCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.Example (Contd)Item(X)no.CumulativeitemfractionProjectedcumulativesalesfractionProjectedcumulativesales (Y)Projecteditem s
11、alesTurnoverratioAverageinventory1.10.716$64,440$64,4408:1$8,0552.20.85076,50012,0608:11,5083.30.90781,6305,1305:11,0264.40.93884,4202,7905:15585.50.95886,2201,8005:13606.60.97187,3901,1702:15857.70.98188,2909002:14508.80.98989,0107202:13609.90.99589,5505402:1270101.001.00090,000 450 2:1 225 $90,000
12、$13,3975ABCCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.3-812产品性质产品性质Nature of the Product (Contd)CR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc. 产品特征产品特征Product characteristics - 重量体积比Weight- bulk ratio - 价值重量比Value- weight ratio - 可替代性Substitutability - 风险Risk 产品包装产品包装Product packaging 产品定价产品定价 Product pricing - 装运港定价F.o.b. origin
13、 - 目的港定价F.o.b. destination - 分区定价Zone pricing - 单一或统一定价Single and uniform pricing - 数量折扣Quantity discounts - 协议价Deals 13产品密度对物流成本的一般影响产品密度对物流成本的一般影响Effect of Weight-Bulk Ratio on Logistics CostsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.Storage costsTransportation costs总成本运输+仓储Total costs (transport + storage)重量体
14、积比Weight-bulk ratio00物流成本占产品销售价格的百分比14产品价值密度对物流成本的一般影响产品价值密度对物流成本的一般影响Effect of Value-Weight Ratio on Logistics CostsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.总成本 运输+仓储Total costs (transport + storage)Storage costsTransportation costs物流成本占销售价值的百分比价值重量比Value-weight ratio0015运输服务和库存水平对物流成本的影响运输服务和库存水平对物流成本的影响Effec
15、t of Transport Service and Inventory Level on Logistics CostsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.总成本Total costs (transport + lost sales + storage costs)Transport costsLost salesStorage costsLogistics costs as a percent of sales price改进运输服务Improved transportation service00(a)平均库存水平Average inventory level00L
16、ogistics costs as a percent of sales price总成本Total costs (transport + lost sales + storage costs)Lost salesStorage costsTransport costs(b)16产品风险对物流成本的一般影响产品风险对物流成本的一般影响Effect of Product Risk on Logistics CostsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.增加产品风险Increasing degree of risk in the product00成本比例Logistics
17、costs as a percent of sales price总成本Total costs (transport + storage)运输成本Transport costs仓储成本Storage costs产品包装的原因产品包装的原因Reasons for Product PackagingCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.便于存储和搬运便于存储和搬运Facilitate storage and handling更好的利用运输设备更好的利用运输设备Promote better utilization of transport equipment保护产品保护产品Pro
18、vide product protection产品促销产品促销Promote the sale of the product改变产品密度改变产品密度Change the product density方便产品的使用方便产品的使用Facilitate product use为客户提供再利用的价值为客户提供再利用的价值Provide reuse value for the customer18产品定价产品定价Product PricingCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.地域性定价方法Geographic pricing methods- FOB定价法 F.o.b. pri
19、cing-分区定价法 Zone pricing- 单一或统一定价法Single, or uniform, pricing- 运费均等法Freight equalization- 基点定价法Basing point pricing鼓励性定价Incentive pricing- 数量折扣Quantity discounts- 协议价 （Deal）19 运费预付指当货物提交给承运人时支付适当的运费，而运费到付指交货时支付运费。20 装运港FOB定价，运费到付：卖方支付运费，并拥有运输途中货物所有权。这是最常见的装运港FOB定价条款。 装运港FOB定价，运费预付：卖方支付运费，但是卖方拥有运输途中货物
20、的所有权。 装运港FOB定价，运费预付和扣回：卖方预先支付运费，但是要求卖方偿还。买方拥有运输途中货物所有权。21 目的港FOB定价，运费预付：卖方支付运费并拥有运输途中货物所有权。这是通常所指的目的港FOB定价 目的港FOB定价，运费到付：当货物到达时，买方支付运费，买方拥有运输途中货物所有权。 目的港FOB定价，运费预付和扣回：卖方拥有运输途中货物所有权，预付运费，并要求买方偿还运费。221. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Origin, Freight Collect Buyer-Pays Freight Charges Buyer-Bears Freight Charge
21、s Buyer-Owns Goods in Transit Buyer-Files Claims (If Any)2. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Origin, Freight Prepaid Seller-Pays Freight Charges Seller-Bears Freight Charges Buyer-Owns Goods in Transit Buyer-Files Claims (If Any)3. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back Seller-Pays Frei
22、ght Charges Buyer-Bears Freight Charges Buyer-Owns Goods in Transit Buyer-Files Claims (If Any) then Collected from Buyer by Adding Amount to Invoice4. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Destination, Freight Collect Buyer-Pays Freight Charges Buyer-Bears Freight Charges Seller-Owns Goods in Transit Seller-Files
23、Claims (If Any)5. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Origin, Freight Prepaid (Delivered) Seller-Pays Freight Charges Seller-Bears Freight Charges Seller-Owns Goods in Transit Seller-Files Claims (If Any)6. Terms of Sale: F.O.B. Destination, Freight Collect and Allowed Buyer-Pays Freight Charges Buyer-Bears Freig
24、ht Charges Seller-Owns Goods in Transit Seller-Files Claims (If Any) then Charged to Seller by Deducting Amount from InvoiceFreight ChargesPaid by BuyerFreight ChargesPaid by SellerFreight ChargesPaid by BuyerFreight ChargesPaid by SellerFreight ChargesPaid by Buyer.TitlePasses to BuyerTitlePasses t
25、oBuyerTitlePasses toBuyerTitlePasses toBuyerTitlePasses to BuyerTitlePasses toBuyerSELLERSELLERSELLERSELLERSELLERSELLERBUYERBUYERBUYERBUYERBUYERBUYERFreight ChargesPaid by Seller.A Variety of Pricing ArrangementsZone 8 $147.38Zone 7 $144.81Zone 6 $142.43Zone 5 $140.00Zone 4 $138.33Zone 3 $137.38Zone
26、 2 $136.31BostonUPS Pricing ZonesCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.3-1824 鼓励性定价Incentive pricing - 数量折扣Quantity discounts - 协议价 （Deal）250200300400100Quantity purchased (cases)Logistical costs ($/case)Total per-case costs (transport + inventory + order processing and handling costs)Per-case inventory carrying costsLess than truckloadRail carload TruckloadTransport costsPer-case order processing and handling costsPer-Case Logistics Costs as a Justification for Price DiscountsCR (2004) Prentice Hall, Inc.
