1、第三部分 高考必备语法分项讲练荟萃3.1 动词的时态与语态动词的时态与语态3.2 定语从句定语从句3.3 非谓语动词非谓语动词3.4 名词性从句名词性从句3.1.1 一般时态3.1.2 进行时态3.1.3 完成时态3.1.4 被动语态一、定语从句的两个要点二、定语从句的关系词(引导词)用法精讲三、非限制性定语从句3.3.1 动词不定式3.3.2 分词3.4.1 主语从句3.4.2 宾语从句3.4.3 表语从句3.4.4 同位语从句3.4.5名词性从句的难点和考点3.5 状语从句状语从句3.6 情态动词情态动词3.6.1 情态动词3.6.2 虚拟语气3.7 特殊句式特殊句式3.7.1 倒装句3.
2、7.2 强调句型3.7.3 祈使句3.7.4 感叹句3.7.5 省略句3.8 冠词冠词3.1 动词的时态与语态3.1.1 一般时态在英语中,句子不仅有时间状语说明动作发生的时间,其谓语动词本身也有形式的变化来指示时间,这种表明谓语动词发生时间的动词形式称为时态。动词的时态 一般说来,发生在现在的事情用现在的时态进行描述;发生在过去的事情用过去的时态进行描述;将要发生的事情用将来的时态进行描述。英语中的时态共计16种,但常用的有11种。(以动词do 为例)1.一般现在时(do/does);2.一般过去时(did);3.一般将来时(will do/ shall do);4.一般过去将来时(woul
3、d do/should do);5.现在进行时(am/is/are doing);6.过去进行时(was/were doing);7.将来进行时(will/shall be doing);8.现在完成时(have/has done);9.过去完成时(had done); 10.将来完成时(will/shall have done);11.现在完成进行时(have/has been doing).3.1.1.1 一般现在时1.描述现在或经常性发生的动作或状态的时态常用时间状语：sometimes,often,always,usually,seldom,every day/night/week/m
4、onth/year,in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,at night2.表示经常发生的动作,习惯性的动作或存在的状态I usually get up at four every morning when its still dark.He always goes to work late,which makes his boss angry and disappointed.3.客观真理,客观存在,科学事实及自然现象The sun rises in the east and sets in the west every day.Th
5、e man who has never been to the Great Wall is not a real man.Trees turn green in spring.Liquid turns into gas when it is hot enough.4.表示格言或警句中Pride goes before a fall. Knowledge is powerPractice makes perfect.5.一般现在时表将来表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排,并且一定要做的事情。用于这种句型的动词主要是瞬间动词：come,go,leave,arrive,begin,start,s
6、top,close,open等。The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight.Our class begins at 7:45.The shop opens at eight oclock.6.在状语从句中表示将来时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时,用一般现在时表示将来。Whatever the weather is like tomorrow,our ship will set sail for Macao.When he gets here,the work will be f
7、inished.Though he disagrees with us,he will do as we decided.3.1.1.2 一般过去时1.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态常用时间状语：last year,yesterday,just now,at that moment,a few days ago,in the past,etc.Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday and had to stay home for another day.She looked very well when I last saw her.2.表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或
8、习惯性的动作可以和“often,always,once a week”等表示频度的时间状语连用。When I was in the countryside,I often walked by the riverside.She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.3.1.1.3 一般将来时1.表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态,常常和表示将来的时间状语连用:tomorrow,next week,in the future,etc.基本形式：will/shall+动词原形I w
9、ill go to visit him next week.2.表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,will用于各种人称,shall只用于第一人称,但现代英语中二者常通用。Itll soon be Christmas and the New Year.Hell lose the job if he doesnt work hard.3.其他表示将来的形式A.be going to doa.在说之前已经决定或安排在未来要做的事情。What are you going to do tomorrow?How are you going to spend your holidays?b.表示说
10、话者根据现在的现象或者征兆预测不久即将发生的事情。Look at the dark clouds.There is going to be a storm.Theres going to be a lot of trouble about this.B.be to do表示按照计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事情或即将发生的动作。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.The engineer is to visit our factory next week.C.be about to do表示客观上马上就要发生的事,一般不与具体的时间
11、状语连用。Dont go out.Were about to have dinner.The new school year is about to begin.Dont worry.I am about to make a close examination on you.3.1.1.4 过去将来时1.表示过去将要发生的动作表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。He promised that he would come,but he hasnt arrived until now.He said that he would wait for me at
12、 the gate.2.过去将来时的表达方式：过去将来时的表达方式与一般将来时一样,只是有关动词要改为过去式形式。You were going to give me your address but you didnt.Mr Green was leaving for Hawaii a few hours later.I was about to turn on the power of the computer when the electricity was cut off.3.1.2 进行时态3.1.2.1 现在进行时1.表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态常用时间状语：now,righ
13、t now,at this moment,at present,etc.We are making preparations for the conference.Now watch carefully and see what is happening in the experiment.Today is my first day at Senior High school and Im writing down my thoughts about it.2.表示现阶段正在进行,但此时此刻不一定正在进行的动作常用时间状语：these days,this month,this term,thi
14、s week,etc.She is learning piano under Mr.Smith.George is working on a new book about stories in schools.Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasnt stopped ringing.People are phoning to ask how I am going to spend the money.3.系表结构用进行时表示渐变常用系动词：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin,etc. The leaves are
15、turning red.It is getting warmer and warmer.4.与always,constan tly,forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.Why are you always coming late for work?You are close to being suspended.5.有些瞬间动词用于进行时态,往往表示“即将”,常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用,常用的这类动词有：come,go,leave,start,begin,stop,ar
16、rive,stay,return等。Lets hurry up.Its beginning to rain.Im taking my daughter to the Central Park this Saturday.6.不用进行时的动词A.表示事实状态的动词,例如have,keep,stay,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue等。This house belongs to my sister.This rule about primary school students ha
17、ving evening classes remains to be further discussed.B.表示心理状态的动词,例如know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need,forget,prefer,mean,understan d,love,hate等。He loves her very much.C.瞬间动词,例如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse等。I accept your advice
18、.D.系动词,例如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。You seem a little tired.3.1.2.2 过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作常用的时间状语:at that time,at five yesterday,then,this time yesterday,last night,the whole morning等。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.2.表示在过去某一段时间内一直在进行的动作They were expect
19、ing you yesterday,but you didnt turn up.We were working from two to four yesterday afternoon.3.表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行When he called me,I was having dinner.When you phoned yesterday,I was playing computer chess.4.表示礼貌hope,think,want,wonder等动词的过去进行时,并不真正表示过去意义,而是表示客气或礼貌。I was wondering if you could help
20、me look up the word“embarrassment”.I was thinking if you could write an essay about George Gordon Byron.3.1.2.3 将来进行时将来进行时是指从现在算起的将来某一时间正在进行的动作或按计划、安排将要进行的动作。常用的时间状语：soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening等。Dont phone me between 5 and 6.Well be having
21、dinner then.What will you be doing at this time next Monday?When he comes to my house tomorrow,I will be writing the report.The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.3.1.3 完成时态3.1.3.1 现在完成时1.表示过去的动作产生的结果或对现在的影响这种用法表示说话之前动作已经完成,但是这个动作产生了目前的结果或对现在有影响。常用的时间状语：already,yet,by th
22、is time,recently等。He has already phoned me about the theft.Eggs have cheapened a bit lately.2.表示过去的某一动作一直持续到现在常用的时间状语：sin ce then,ever sin ce,so far,from then on,for a long time等。Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.I have travelled to most of the
23、 cities in China sin ce five years ago.Great changes in every field have taken place in the last ten years.3.在It/This is the first/sec ondtime that结构that 后的从句中It is the first time I have visited the Great Wall. This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.名师点睛：名师点睛：
24、比较since和forsin ce 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here sin ce I was born.I have known Xiao Li sin ce she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for more than twenty years.I h
25、ave worked here for many years.3.1.3.2 过去完成时1.表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作,即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”其构成是had+过去分词。句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语,这种时态从来不孤立使用。常用的时间状语：by the end of,by that time,before that year,when I arrived等。There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2020.She found that she had left her luggage on the bus.They fin
26、ished earlier than we had expected.2.表示未曾实现的愿望或打算hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan 等表示“打算、计划、希望、试图、认为”等的动词用过去完成时,表示“本打算、本计划、本希望、本认为等”,而事实上并未做。I had hoped to be back,but I didnt catch the train.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.3.用于hardly/scarcelywhen;no soonerthan 句型中,主句用过去完
27、成时,从句用一般过去时I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.4.在It/That was the first /sec ondtime that结构中,that 后的从句用过去完成时That was the sec ond time that she had found the tracks of the wil
28、d man.It was 3 years since we had parted.3.1.3.3 将来完成时1.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。2.动作完成：表示将来某一时刻或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情,时间状语非常明显。常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间,如：by the end of this year,by 8 oclock this evening,by March next year以及由by the time,before或when等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month,h
29、e will have traveled 1,000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.By next Tuesday,I will have got ready for the exams.3.1.3.4 现在完成进行时1.表示过去的动作一直延续到现在使用这种时态的句子谓语多用持续性动词,而且常用all this time,this week,this month,all the morning,recently等。Over the past decades,sea ice in
30、the Arctic has been decreasin g as a result of global warming.It has been raining sin ce last Sunday.I have been fixing the fridge all the morning.The pagoda has been stan ding there sin ce the Tang dynasty.2.表示重复的动作有时现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。Tom has been working in the library every nigh
31、t over the last three months.Youre been saying you can succeed for five years.3.表示感情色彩现在完成进行时有时带有强烈的感情色彩。I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.Too much has been happening today.You know,you really have been making things terribly difficult for him.3.1.4 被动语态英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是动作的
32、执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：The woman looks after the children.这位妇女照看这些孩子。（主语The woman 是look after的执行者）The children are looked after well.孩子们被照顾得很好。（主语 The children是look after的承受者)动词的被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,be随时态而改变。1.被动语态的常用时态被动语态的常用时态包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、现在进行时和过去进行时。（1）一般现在时的被动语态由“is/am/are+过
33、去分词”构成。is,am,are随人称变化而变化,如：Rice is grown in the south of China.I am often told to be careful by my mother.（2）一般过去时的被动语态由“was/were+过去分词”构成。如：I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.These chairs were repaired yesterday morning.（3）将来时的被动语态由“will/shall/would+be+过去分词”构成,或者由“be
34、 going to be+过去分词”构成。如：Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.The roads are going to be widened soon.The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.（4） 完成时的被动语态由“have/ has/had been+过去分词”构成。如：All the preparations for the task have been completed and were ready to sta
35、rt.By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（5） 现在进行时的被动语态由“is/am/are+being+过去分词”构成。如：A new cinema is being built here.（6） 过去进行时的被动语态由“was/were+being+过去分词”构成。如：A book was being borrowed by me at this time yesterday.2.被动语态的特殊结构形式（1） 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。如：Th
36、e baby should be taken good care of by the baby sitter.（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。如：His mother gave him a present for his birthday.可改为：He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3） 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余成分不动。如：Someone caught the
37、 boy smoking a cigarette.可改为：The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.名师点睛：名师点睛： 主动语态表被动,强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。The door wont lock.(指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked.(指不会有人来锁门,“门没有锁住”是人为的原因)（4） 在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面加不定式作宾语补足语时,在主动语态中不定式的要省略,但变为被动语态时,要加to。如：So
38、meone saw a stranger walk into the building.可改为：A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词+介词”“动词+副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体,不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。如：The meeting is to be put off till Friday.（6） 非谓语动词的被动形式。“v.+-ing”及不定式to do也有被动形式。如：I dont like being laughed at in public.（7）“It
39、 is said+that从句”及其他类似句型的被动语态。一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+to do sth.”。如：It is said that据说It is reported that据报道It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that.众所周知It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that据建议
40、（8）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义。英语中有很多动词,如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。如：This kind of cloth washes well.有些不及物动词和短语,如happen,last,take place,break out,come out,come about,come true ,run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。如：How do the newspapers com
41、e out?系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词feel,sound,taste,look等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如：Your reason sounds reasonable.（9）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义。在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,用v.-ing的主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。如：The house needs repairing(to be repaired).形容词worth后面跟v.-ing的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动
42、词不定式的被动形式。如：The picture book is well worth reading.(=The picture book is very worthy to be read.)动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系,又和句中主语构成主谓关系时,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如：I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.(do 与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)试比较:Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?(此处用不定式的被动
43、形式作定语,表明you不是post动作的执行者。)在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,importan t,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。如：This problem is difficult to work out.(可看作to work out 省略了for me)在tooto结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。如：This book is too expensi
44、ve (for me) to buy.在there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动形式作定语,重点在人;用被动形式作定语,重点在物。如：There is no time to lose/to be lost.(用to lose 可看成for us to lose;用to be lost则逻辑主语不明确。)（10）“介词in,on,under等+名词”构成介词短语表被动意义,如under repair(在修理中),under discussion(在讨论中),under construction(在施工中）,in print(在印刷中),in sight(在视野范围内),
45、on sale(出售),on show(展出),on trial(受审)。3.2 定语从句一、定语从句的两个要点先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。通常情况下,引导词前面的名词即为从句的先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。也可以称作引导词。关系代词：who,whom,which,that,whose,as,在从句内作主语、宾语等名词性成分。关系副词：when,where,why在从句内作状语。二、定语从句的关系词(引导词)用法精讲(一)使用who,whom,which,that的定语从句1.whoThis is the boy who plays basketball very
46、well.This is the teacher who is teaching us English.who 指人,在从句中作主语。2.whomThis is the boy (whom) I often help.The man is our headmaster (whom) you met just now.I met the girl (whom) you often praise.whom 指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。3.whichThis is the farm which keeps many cows.This is the farm (which ) I visit ev
47、ery year.which 指事物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。4.that以上三种情况均可用that。指人或指物,可作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略。（二） 使用whose的定语从句 Do you know the girl whose father is mayor?I used to work in an office whose window faces north.I work in a school whose students are excellent.whose 指人或物的所属关系,表示“某人的”或“某物的”,在从句中作定语。（三） 只能用that 引导定语从句的情况
48、1.先行词为不定代词all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,muchI will do all (that) I can to help you.Parents try to offer everything (that) children need.There is not much (that) I can do here.2.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first English novel (that) I have ever read.This is the last lesson (that) I
49、will give you.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.3.先行词被the only,the very修饰时。This is the only thing (that) I can do for you.This is the very book (that) I am looking for.4.人和物同时作先行词时。We talked about the things and people (that) we saw in the foreign country.5.who / which 开头的疑问句(避免重复)。Who i
50、s the man that is stan ding over there?Which is the book (that) you want to borrow?6.当引导词在定语从句中作表语时,引导词可省略。He is no longer the man (that) he was.=He is no longer what he was.(表语从句)（四） 使用“介词+which”和“介词+whom”的定语从句This is the village in which / where I was born.Physics is a subject in which I am very i
