1、Of Study“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an _man.” -Francis Bacon exact阅读使人充实，阅读使人充实，交谈使人机智，交谈使人机智，写作使人精确。写作使人精确。 -培根培根 培根的培根的Of Study一文，写一文，写于四百年前。在今天的英国，于四百年前。在今天的英国，此文当属古典文论，其用语不此文当属古典文论，其用语不仅典雅，而且古奥，甚至玄秘。仅典雅，而且古奥，甚至玄秘。四百年前的语言，既便是当时四百年前的语言，既便是当时通俗透顶的平民口语，在今人通俗透顶的平民口语
2、，在今人听来，亦充满听来，亦充满“古色古香古色古香”之之感。感。 培根是四百年前英国的哲人培根是四百年前英国的哲人名士，学富五车，文震朝野，其名士，学富五车，文震朝野，其散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在散论札记当时亦属上乘之作。在四百多年来的英国文学史上，培四百多年来的英国文学史上，培根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精根的文论以其思想精深、艺术精湛和文学精绝而风骚独领。其在湛和文学精绝而风骚独领。其在英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似英国文学与思想界之影响，颇似唐宋八大家之在中国，历久弥新。唐宋八大家之在中国，历久弥新。Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and
3、for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处 世判事之际。For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by
4、 one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统
5、筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。 They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之
6、不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 Read not to con
7、tradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; oth
8、ers to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and
9、the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人精确写作使人精确。And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have
10、a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral gra
11、ve; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Studies go to make up a mans character.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good
12、for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach ; riding for the head; and the like.人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be calle
13、d away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. 如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illus
14、trate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt. 如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。Listen and fill in the blanksperfect wisdom weigh tasted digested full ready exact wise deep casesWhat is the structure of the article?The purpose of stu
15、dyThe method of studyThe effect of studyThe First Part： The purpose of studyThe Second Part： The method of studyThe Third Part ：The effect of studyPara 1 -Para 5Para 6 -Para 7Para 8 -Para 9 The purposeadvantagesdelightornamentabilitydisadvantagespend too much timeslothuse them too muchornamentmake j
16、udgement wholly by their rulesscholar contrast the method taste- to be read only in parts swallow- to be read, but not curiouslychew or digest- to be read wholly, and with diligence and attentionextractto be read by deputySuggestion：reading、conference and writing metaph0r the effectmake up a mans ch
17、aracterevery defect has a special receiptHistories- wisepoets - witty mathematics- subtitle natural philosophy- deep moral- grave logic and rhetoric- contend wandering wit -mathematicswit-not apt to distinguish -the schoolmen not apt to beat over matters - the lawyers casespurposeadvantagesdisadvant
18、agescontrastmethodopinionsuggestionmetaphoreffectcharacterdefectConclusion1、what is the main points of this text?2、what is the purpose of the study？3、what disadvantages may appear in the study?delight, for ornament, and for abilityTo spend too much time in studies is sloth;to use them too much for o
19、rnament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholarthe purpose the method the effect 4、What are the advantages of the study?Studies go to make up a mans characterEvery defect of the mind may have a special receiptDiscussion1、which sentence do you like best? W
20、hy?2、What is your understanding of the text?1、If someone in our class is unwilling to write, which sentence is a good suggestion to him?2、If someone in our class is unwilling to speak, which sentence is a good suggestion to him?3、If someone in our class is unwilling to recite, which sentence is a good suggestion to him?
