1、LOGOChanges in groundwater induced by water diversion in the Lower Tarim River,Xinjiang Uygur, NW China: Evidence from environmental isotopes and water chemistry（由引水调度引起的塔里木河下游地下水变化的研究, 中国西北新疆维吾尔自治区 :基于环境同位素和水化学）汇报人：汇报人：导导 师：师： 专专 业：业：Literatures Review2Literatures SourceArticle structure 1、Title an
2、d author 2、SummaryPhase 4Phase 3Phase 2Phase 11、Introduction 2、Background 1、Sampling 2、Analyses 1、Results and Discussion 2、Conclusions3、references123 34 43 5 Summary Contents Introduction and Background Sampling and AnalysesResults and Discussion Conclusions51. Summary1、提出问题、提出问题:The Lower Tarim Riv
3、er in NW China is under severe ecosystem degradation due to stopped stream flow and diminished groundwater recharge. Since year 2000, eight water diversions from the upper streamand from the neighboring KaiduKongque River have been implemented to alleviate the ecosystem disaster.中国西北部塔里木河下游面临严重生态退化是
4、由于河流断流和地下水补给减少造成的。自2000年以来, 通过从邻近的开都和孔雀河等河流上游的八次引水调度已经缓解塔里木河生态环境问题。61. Summary2、研究方法、研究方法:we sampled the riparian groundwater system in 2007 and 2008 along the 350 km-long river channel through the 40 monitoring wells situated along nine transects perpendicular to the river and three soil profiles.
5、Measurements on the samples have included environmental isotopes (18O, H, H) and water chemistry.我们沿河岸地下水系统在2007年和2008年沿着350公里河道,通过40个坐落在河流附近的监测井进行采样。测量样品项目包括环境同位素(18O, H, H)和水化学。71. Summary3、研究结果、研究结果:Remarkable changes have been induced by the water diversions as follows：(1) The observed response
6、of riparian groundwater system includes general decrease in total dissolved solid (TDS) and rise of water table. Greater rise of water table occurs near the river bank.沿河岸地下水系统观察结果包括:总溶解固体(TDS)减少和水位上升。更大的地下水位上升发生在河岸附近。(2) Tritium data show that the extent of modern recharge (since1960s), including t
7、hat from the diverted water, is limited to 600m from the riverbank at the upper segments and 200 m at the lower ones.氚数据显示,现代水补给范围(since1960s),包括从转移水,仅限于上游河岸600米内部分和下游200米内。81. Summary(3) Stable isotopes show that groundwaters are enriched in heavy isotopes and are plotted in parallel to the meteori
8、c water line, attributed to evaporation during recharge.稳定同位素表明,地区地下水重同位素丰富,并与大气降水线平行,归因于蒸发。(4) Groundwater is generally of NaMgClSO4 type and is formed by dissolution of minerals. The salinity of groundwater is mainly affected by that of the diverted water and of the local antecedent groundwater, s
9、alts in the unsaturated zone, evapotranspiration during recharge.地下水一般由Na-Mg-Cl-SO4类型和溶解的矿物质组成。地下水盐度主要是受转移水和当地前期地下水,在非饱和区的盐度,蒸散发影响。91. Summary(5) As the zone of smaller groundwater depth (less than 5 m) suitable for the most existing Populus euphratica and Tamarix ramosissima, the main species targe
10、ted by the rescue effort.正如较小的一部分区域地下水深度(小于5米)适用于大多数现有胡杨和柽柳,它们是保护的主要目标。102、Introduction and Background Water diversionGeneral settingHydrogeologyClimateEcosystem degradationIntroduction and Background112、Introduction and Background Introduction: Under the dual impacts of anthropogenic activities and
11、 climate change, a common scenario in arid and semiarid catchments, particularly in the lower reaches of them, is severe ecological degradation, such as death of vegetation, intensified groundwater salinization, soil salinization and desertification, etc.介绍：介绍：人为活动和气候变化的双重影响下,一个常见的场景在干旱和半干旱区,特别是在下游,
12、是严重的生态退化,如植被死亡,加剧地下水盐渍化、土壤盐渍化、沙漠化等。 12Background:1、General settingThe Tarim River Basin is located in the south of Xinjiang, NW China. It has an area of 1.04x106 km2 and is flanked by the Tianshan Mountains to the north and by the Kunlun Mountains to the south (Fig. 1).2、HydrogeologyThe occurrence o
13、f groundwater is similar between the Southern Tianshan watershed and Northern Kunlun watershed. The sink of the two groundwaters systems is centered in the south of the Tarim River. The diluvial aquifer from the northern mountains is composed of sand deposits some 100300 m thick forming an unconfine
14、d aquifer in which the present day water table ranges between 20 m and 200 m below surface (Fig. 2). 2、Introduction and Background 13Fig.1 Sketch map of the Tarim River Basin 1 Proterozoic; 2 Paleozoic; 3 Mesozoic; 4 tertiary; 5 granite; 6 quaternary; 7 river;8 surface water in the Upper Tarim River
15、 and the Aksu River; 9 regional groundwater flow. 14Fig.2 Hydrogeological cross section in the Middle Tarim River, see Fig. 1 for the location15Background:3、ClimateThe Lower Tarim River is dominated by typical continental temperate arid climate.4、Ecosystem degradationUnder the impact of anthropogeni
16、c activities, runoff of three source streams (Aksu River, Hotan River and Yarkant River) to the Tarim River has decreased gradually in the last 50 years due to extensive oasis agriculture with increasing water utilization. With gradually decreased inflow to the Tarim River, proportion of water consu
17、mption in the upper and middle reaches increased gradually from 1970s to 1990s, while flow to the lower reaches reduced significantly (Table 1). The groundwater depth has increased to 812 m. 2、Introduction and Background Station1950s1960s1970s1980s1990sAral49.451.744.444.842.0Qiala13.511.46.73.92.8T
18、ikanlik892.90.50.40.1ArganPersistDiscontinueNilNilNilLop Village540.2NilNilNil16Table 1 Runoff changes at each station on the Tarim River (108 m3).5、Water diversionTo protect the Green Corridor, the riparian vegetation restoration is imperative. Taking advantage of the wet period of the Kaidu River,
19、 the KuTa Channel (Yuli to Qiala, Fig. 3) was constructed for diverting water from Kongque River to the Lower Tarim River. 17Fig. 3 Sampling locations 18 Table 2 Statistics of eight water diversions193.Sampling and Analyses采样点布置及采样点布置及前期准备前期准备稳定同位素测稳定同位素测定方法及标准定方法及标准18O, H, H 稳稳定同位素测量定同位素测量八次引水后塔里八次
20、引水后塔里木河流域下游地木河流域下游地下水的物理化学下水的物理化学变化规律及特征变化规律及特征水化学测定方水化学测定方法及标准法及标准采样方法及具采样方法及具体实施步骤体实施步骤水化学离子水化学离子色谱法测定色谱法测定地下水位、位地下水位、位置置,水温、水温、pH值、值、TDS和电和电导率测定导率测定20Sampling：Groundwater samples were collected from boreholes at varying distances from the riverbed along nine groundwater monitoring transects, name
21、ly: Akdun (A), Yahopumarhan (B), Yengsu (C), Abudali (D), Karday (E), Tugmailai (F), Aragan (G), Yikanbujima(H), and Kargan (I) (Fig. 3), respectively.Method：The soil samples were obtained using a hollow-stem hand auger with interchangeable 1.5 m aluminum rod from three profiles(5.87.7 m depth, SP1
22、and SP2 in section C and SP4 in section G, Figs. 3 and 4). Bulk soil samples of 400 g were collected at intervals of 0.25 m. Samples were homogenized over the sampled interval and immediately sealed in polyethylene bags. 3.Sampling and Analyses21Method：Gravimetric moisture content was determined by
23、drying a minimum of 80 g of soil at 110 C for 12 h. To determine chloride content, double deionisedwater (40mL) was added to the oven-dried soil sample (40 g) . Samples were agitated on a reciprocal shaker table for 8 h. The supernatant was filtered through 0.45 lm filters. Chloride was then analyze
24、d by ion chromatography.The chloride concentration of the soil solution is then calculated by dividing the measured concentration by gravimetric moisture content and by multiplying the mass ratio of solution to oven dry soil.3.Sampling and Analyses22 Table3 Site measurements and isotopic composition
25、 of surface waters.Analyses：23 Table 4 Chemical composition of the surface water and groundwater sections (mg/L).24 4.Results and discussionPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Tritium and stable isotopeanalysisHydrochemical characteristicsWater table andTDS change25 Fig.4 The precipitation tritium input from 1952
26、to 2007 and the decayed value for 2007.The results show a tritium content decrease from 2586 TU (1963) to 2030 TU(2007). Using an exponential decay equation, the decayed tritium contents for 2007 in precipitation, which would represent tritium concentrations in groundwater that had infiltrated betwe
27、en 1952 and 2007, ranges from 50 TU to 225 TU from 1962 to 1966, and ranges from 10 to 35 TU from 1957 to 2007 (Fig. 4). Therefore, groundwater with tritium content less than 10 TU is regarded as pre-modern water, or at least most part is pre-modern water when mixing with modern water is considered.
28、Tritium analysis26Fig. 5. Post map of Tritium content (TU) for groundwaters from the Lower Tarim River with a solid line showing the scope of modern recharge.Fig. 5 shows the tritium contents in the riparian groundwater from the Lower Tarim River. The solid line in the figure is the boundary between
29、 groundwater that is recharged by modern water (19.146.3 TU) and that by pre-modern water (less than 4.1 TU).Tritium analysis27Fig. 6 The stable isotopes in the water reservoirs in the lower reaches are enriched in heavy isotopes due to evaporation: the Qiala Water Reservoir has the 18O of 4.6 and t
30、he Daxihaizi Water Reservoir has the 18O of 3.6 due to extended evaporation. The residual waters collected from the river bed at the Lower Tarim River show 18O from 2.0 to 3.5 and 2H from 17.1 to 5.8, as a consequence of intensive evaporation.Stable isotope analysis in surface watersFig. 6 Stable is
31、otopic composition for surface waters and groundwaters28The modern and pre-modern groundwaters exhibit a similar behavior to fall in slight parallel to the meteoric water line, but enriched relative to the recharging river water. The phenomenon is commonly observed in dry climate and attributed to e
32、vaporation during river recharge to the riparian groundwater system in a rather uniform manner.Fig. 7 Stable isotopic composition for surface waters and groundwatersStable isotope analysis in groundwaters Fig. 6 Stable isotopic composition for surface waters and groundwaters29pipe r三线图以三组生要的阳离子(Ca,M
33、g,Na和K)和阴离子(C1,S04 ,HCO3和CO3)的每升毫克当量的百分数来表示。每图包括三个部分，在左下方和右下方分别为二张等腰三角形域，中间上方夹着一张菱形域(图1)，每域的边长均按100等分读数。在左下方的等腰三角形域，三个主要阳离子反应值的百分数按三线座标用一个单点表示。在右下方的等腰三角形域，阴离子亦用同样方法表示。这样，图上所作的二单点表示了地下水中某些溶解物质的相对浓度。然后通过这二个单点平行三角形外边作射线，于菱形域内相交一点。这一点通常可以说明地下水总的化学性质并用阴阳离子对表示地下水的相对成分。Hydrochemical characteristics30The wa
34、ter type conversion from CaMgHCO3SO4 with low TDS in source stream to NaMgClSO4 with high TDS in the lower reaches of the basin and fluoride concentration evolution show the one of the most typical water evolution of arid water system, going along with evaporation and dissolution.Fig. 7 Piper trigra
35、ph for surface waters（a） and groundwaters（b）Hydrochemical characteristics（a）（b）31TDS in the groundwater within 600 m to the river bed ranges from 0.8 g/L (E3) to 3.7 g/L. (C1) with an average of 1.6 g/L, except for section I, which is located in the terminal of the water flow and salt with very high
36、 TDS. Beyond the distance, TDS in groundwater is also high except for sample G5. Fig. 8 TDS distribution (g/L) in the Lower Tarim RiverHydrochemical characteristics32The strong correlations between Na and Cl (r = 1.00) and an approximately 1:1 trend (Fig. 9 a) suggest Na and Cl mainly comes from hal
37、ite. Ca and Mg have strong correlations with SO4 (0.97,1.00) and relatively weak with HCO3 (0.77, 0.84). The equivalent ratios for (Ca + Mg) against HCO3 are more than 1 (Fig. 9b), suggesting that, besides dissolution of carbonates, dissolution of sulfate (CaXMg (1-X) SO4) contributes the additional
38、 (Ca + Mg) when concentration of (Ca + Mg) increases with that of SO4.Such a pattern indicates that saturation of a relevant salt controls the concentration of the respective ions.Fig. 9 Ionic ratio for the groundwaters.Groundwater saliization mechanism33Fig. 10 shows the chloride concentration in d
39、ry soil,appearing to be highly variable. The SP1 has less chloride in the whole profile, ranging from 24 to 862 mg/kg, compared to the SP2 and SP4, which show maximum chloride concentration of 4416 mg/kg (2.052.30 m depth) and 11,925 mg/kg (0.351.00 m depth), respectively.Fig. 10 Moisture and chlori
40、de content for the three soil profiles34Fig.11 Water tables and TDS changes at certain groundwater monitoring section in the Lower Tarim River under water diversions35The variations of water tables have the following characteristics:(1) before the water diversion, the water tables were similar at ea
41、ch section and the flow field was stable; (2) after the water diversion, the water tables rose to different extent. The closer to the river bed, the faster the groundwater table rose. The unstable infiltration takes place at river bed, as a result, the high groundwater hydraulic head moves towards b
42、oth river-sides.Changes of TDS in groundwaters show the following characteristics:(1) TDS in groundwater from sections B and C has increased after the first diversion; (2) after the second and third water diversions,TDS in groundwaters from all sections has decreased. (3) The TDS for samples C7 (w8,
43、 850 m away from the river) tempestuously increased from 4.57 g/L to 22.37 g/L after the fourth water diversion, to 15.32 g/L in August, 2007.Water table and TDS change36Fig. 12 The variation of groundwater table (m) before water diversion and after the eighth water diversion (a) and groundwater dep
44、th (m) in the Lower Tarim River (August,2007).The variation of groundwater table between that before water diversion (05/2000) and after the eighth the water diversion (08/ 2007) and the groundwater depth (08/2007) are plotted in Fig. 15 using the Inverse Distance Weighting Method.4.Results and disc
45、ussion37The scopes of water tables rise are wider than modern recharge limit, due to water head pressure transfer. Since the vegetation coverage exhibits a continued declining trend with dropping water table and modern water recharge scope in the area, Niu and Li (2008) concluded there was 7345 hm2
46、increased vegetation area from 2000 to 2006 after water diversion based on satellite images of the main area where vegetation distributed in the Lower Tarim River. However, the groundwater depth suitable for the growth of P. euphratica is less than 5 m in the Lower Tarim River, If the target of the
47、ecological restoration is to maintain the vegetation dominated by P. euphratica, the optimal groundwater depth would be less than 5 m. However, the territory with the suitable groundwater depth is narrow, within 200 m from the river bed and becomes even narrower towards downstream4.Results and discu
48、ssion381、The isotopic composition of shallow groundwater forms a trend line that is almost in parallel to the GMWL but is enriched in heavy isotopes compared with the recharging river water. This can be attributed to evaporation during the river recharge to the riparian groundwater system in a rathe
49、r uniform manner.浅层地下水的同位素组成,形成一个趋势线,几乎是平行于GMWL，与河水相比重同位素值更大。归因于河水补给地下水系统过程间的蒸发作用。2、Tritium data show that the extent of modern recharge (since 1960) is limited to 600200 m from the river bank with a descending trend towards downstream.氚数据显示,现代(1960年以来)补给的程度是有限的,距离河岸600 - 200米范围内，往下游呈下降趋势3、Water tab
50、le has risen after the eight water diversions except for three unusual boreholes where perched water probably exists. The scope with more than 1 m of water table rise is from 700 m from the riverbank in the upper segments to 300 m in the lower segments.水位已经上升在八次引水之后,除了三个不同寻常的水井滞水现象可能存在。超过1米的水位上升的范围为
