1、 China Ancient Four Inventions 中国四大发明中国四大发明Magnetic Its.Through the ages, China is considered to be the first country that invented and used magnetic compass.Nearly two thousand years have passed since our ancestors invented compass. Its.Magnetic compass is a device used to determine geographic dire
2、ction,usually consisting of a magnetic needle or needles horizontally mounted and free to pivot until aligned with the magnetic field of Earth.ImportanceImportanceFrom simply using it to find direction and judge fengshui to magnetic compass being used in world navigation, till today, various newly-i
3、nvented magnetic compasses are applied broadly.You can say that, the reason why seafaring can develop rapidly in modern times is because it benefits from the invention and application of magnetic compass. ConsequencesEspecially during the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made expeditions to South-east Asia fo
4、r seven times with more than 27000 people and dozens of big ships each time, which contributes to the extension and development of seafaring and foreign trade in the worldConsequencesGood scienceIt has a big influence on military, economy, seafaring; it pushes forward the great discoveries of geogra
5、phy. Without magnetic compass, Columbus couldnt arrived new continent; China is still adopting a policy of seclusion and comes to a standstill.Good scienceChinas ancient science and technology was once brilliant, which bring us great honor. The spread and application of magnetic compass in western c
6、ountries urge us to have further understanding of the significance and influence of magnetic compass in the world.PAPERMAKINGThe oldest paper Fang matan PaperHistory Paper-making is one of the four great inventions of China, the paper is the han long experience accumulation and the crystallization o
7、f the wisdom of working people, human a brilliant invention in the history of civilization. China is the worlds earliest sericulture silk in the world. Han Chinese working people above cocoon silk silk, such as the remaining evil cocoon, cocoon disease such as flocculant with legal system take silk
8、floss. After floating flocculant, woven bamboo mat legacy will be some residual effect. When the number of floating flocculant, woven bamboo mat on the residual flocculant product into a layer of fiber sheet, after dry stripping down, can be used for writing. This flocculant floating there arent man
9、y by-products, and call it HeTi or FangXu on ancient book. By CAI lun in eastern han dynasty (105) of the first year of yuan xing papermaking, improved by CAI lun in the bark, hemp heads and our raw materials such as cloth, fishing nets, after falling, dao, copy paper, drying technology, manufacturi
10、ng, is the origin of modern paper. This paper, the raw material is easy to find and very cheap, quality is also improved, gradually widely used. In honour of the feat, CAI lun later generations called this paper Cai Hou paperCai lunThe design of the papermaking process Until the eastern han dynasty
11、and emperor period, through improved by CAI lun, formed a set of relatively finalize the design of the papermaking process, the process can be roughly divided into four steps: The first is the separation of raw material, is to use the retting leaching or cooking methods for raw materials in alkali d
12、egumming, and scattered into fibrous; Second is beating, is to use the method of cutting and struck staple fiber, and make the fiber broom, and become the pulp; The third is the manufacture paper with pulp, namely make pulp water penetration into slurry, then used for paper pulp (woven bamboo mat) a
13、nd get the pulp in paper to woven thin sheet of wet paper; The fourth is dry, namely the wet paper to dry or dry, peeling the became a paper. The design of the papermaking processThe spread of papermaking Research shows that this technology spread to many countries even the world . First of all inco
14、ming and papermaking in China and Vietnam, followed by adjacent spread to Korea, Japan, is along the Tang Dynasty - Arab - the spread of this line in Europe. Moreover in many countries paper is used for money so this technology helps their economic thus it led a number of economic development.Effect
15、 In the word paper is the crystallization of labor and knowledge, it helps people study, remember information and do some cleaning and so on. Paper is a bridge to heritage cultural of mankind. It is a witness of the great civilization and the famous thought. It is the direct teacher of human develop
16、ed. It is an essential assistant to human life.lPrinting, known as “ m o t h e r o f civilization”, was a n o t h e r g r e a t invention of the Chinese people. lIt has a long history and includes block printing (雕版印刷) and movable type printing (活字印刷).lBlock printing (雕版印刷雕版印刷) Block Printing was pr
17、obably invented between the Sui and Tang dynasties. The process of block printing started with the cutting of wood into b l o c k s , a n d t h e n c h a r a c t e r s w e r e engraved in relief on the blocks. Ink was brushed on the engraved block and a white sheet of paper was spread across it and
18、then brushed with a clean brush on its back leaving an image when the paper was removed.lThe worlds oldest surviving book printed on paper is Diamond Sutra (金刚经). lIt is the earliest woodcut illustration in a printed book.It was printed in Tang Dynasty.l Movable type printing (活字印刷)In Song Dynasty,
19、word workerBi Sheng , Use the clay with viscidity, make into the rectangle cube, carve the single Chinese characters on it, burn it with the fire, form the font. The printing skill is named the typography. 毕昇毕昇writeburncarveprinttypesetting书写雕刻烧制排版印制lAdvantages： It can be used repeatedly and save ma
20、terials. It is easy to be modified. Improve the efficiency.lDisadvantages: Its hard to typesetting. The workers are required to read. pritingljavascript:void(0);0);lBy the year1000, paged books in the modern style had replaced scrolls. Two color printing (black and red) was seen as early as 1340. Th
21、is technology then spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Europe. Later, German Johann Gutenberg invented movable type made of metal in the 1440s. Movable Type Printing developed very fast. Based on clay type, type made of wood, lead, tin and copper gradually appeared. It makes books can be published i
22、n large number .So it is helpful to promote the development of culture.It promotes the spread of education and the dissemination of knowledge. It means a lot to the spread of religion and the development of currency. In a word, China ancient four inventions, has left behind a magnificent chapter in
23、the history of human science and culture. These great inventions once influenced and benefited the whole world, had promoted the advancing of human history.GUNPOWDERGUNPOWDERGunpowder, also known as black powder, is a chemical explosiveGunpowder, also known as black powder, is a chemical explosiveth
24、e earliest known. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and the earliest known. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and charcoal act as potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and charcoal act as fuels, and the saltpeter is an oxidizer.Because of its b
25、urning fuels, and the saltpeter is an oxidizer.Because of its burning properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, properties and the amount of heat and gas volume that it generates, gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as gunpowder has been widely us
26、ed as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks.a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks.Gunpowder was invented in China when Taoists attempted to create a Gunpowder was invented in China when Taoists attempted to create a potion of immortality. Chinese military forces use
27、d gunpowder-based potion of immortality. Chinese military forces used gunpowder-based weapons (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons) and explosives (i.e. grenades weapons (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons) and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols when the Mongols and differe
28、nt types of bombs) against the Mongols when the Mongols attempted to invade and breach city fortifications on Chinas attempted to invade and breach city fortifications on Chinas northern borders. After the Mongols conquered China and founded the northern borders. After the Mongols conquered China an
29、d founded the Yuan Dynasty, they used the Chinese gunpowder-based weapons Yuan Dynasty, they used the Chinese gunpowder-based weapons technology in their attempted invasion of Japan; they also used technology in their attempted invasion of Japan; they also used gunpowder to fuel rockets.gunpowder to
30、 fuel rockets.The mainstream scholarly consensus is that gunpowder was invented in The mainstream scholarly consensus is that gunpowder was invented in China, spread through the Middle East, and then into Europe,although China, spread through the Middle East, and then into Europe,although there is a
31、 dispute over how much the Chinese advancements in gunpowder there is a dispute over how much the Chinese advancements in gunpowder warfare influenced later advancements in the Middle East and Europe. The warfare influenced later advancements in the Middle East and Europe. The spread of gunpowder ac
32、ross Asia from China is widely attributed to the spread of gunpowder across Asia from China is widely attributed to the Mongols. One of the first examples of Europeans encountering gunpowder Mongols. One of the first examples of Europeans encountering gunpowder and firearms is at the Battle of Mohi
33、in 1241. At this battle the Mongols and firearms is at the Battle of Mohi in 1241. At this battle the Mongols not only used gunpowder in early Chinese firearms but in the earliest not only used gunpowder in early Chinese firearms but in the earliest grenades as well.grenades as well.Yuan Dynasty han
34、d cannon dated to 1288.A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.A major problem confronting the study of the early history of gunpowder is ready access to sources close to the events described. Often enough, t
35、he first records potentially describing use of gunpowder in warfare were written several centuries after the fact, and may well have been colored by the contemporary experiences of the chronicler.13 It is also difficult to accurately translate original alchemy texts, especially medieval Chinese text
36、s that try to explain phenomena through metaphor, into modern scientific language with rigidly defined terminology. The translation difficulty has led to errors or loose interpretations bordering on artistic licence. early chinese rocketThree eye Three eye Blunderbuss(Blunderbuss(三眼铳明朝) )：a kind a k
37、ind of blunderbuss of blunderbuss which can shoot which can shoot three times in a three times in a rowrowPear spear（梨花枪（梨花枪宋宋朝）：朝）：a kind of spear with a tube which can spit fire tied to itShenhuo flying crow（神火飞（神火飞鸦鸦明朝）：明朝）：a kind of rocket looks like a crowFive-thunder-gun invented by god（五（五雷神机
38、雷神机明明朝）：朝）：a kind of gun which can shoot five times in a rowAbout Wu Ching Tsung YaoAbout Wu Ching Tsung Yao武经总要The Chinese Wu Ching Tsung Yao (Complete Essentials from the Military Classics), written by Tseng Kung-Liang between 10401044, provides encyclopedia references to a variety of mixtures tha
39、t included petrochemicalsas well as garlic and honey. A slow match for flame throwing mechanisms using the siphon principle and for fireworks and rockets are mentioned. The mixture formulas in this book do not contain enough saltpeter to create an explosive however; being limited to at most 50% salt
40、peter, they produce an incendiary.The Essentials was however written by a Song dynasty court bureaucrat, and theres little evidence that it had any immediate impact on warfare; there is no mention of gunpowder use in the chronicles of the wars against the Tanguts in the 11th century, and China was o
41、therwise mostly at peace during this century. The first chronicled use of fire spears (or fire lances) is at the siege of Dean in 1132.Formula for Formula for gunpowder in gunpowder in 1044 Wujing 1044 Wujing zongyao part zongyao part I vol 12I vol 12Instruction Instruction for fire for fire bomb in
42、 bomb in Wujing Wujing zongyaozongyaoFire bombFire bombFire arrow Fire arrow rocket rocket launcher launcher from the from the Wujing Wujing zongyaozongyao Modern types Modern typesModern corning first compresses the fine black powder meal into blocks with a fixed density (1.7 g/cm).108 In the Unite
43、d States, gunpowder grains were designated F (for fine) or C (for coarse). Grain diameter decreased with a larger number of Fs and increased with a larger number of Cs, ranging from about 2 mm for 7F to 15 mm for 7C. Even larger grains were produced for artillery bore diameters greater than about 17
44、 cm (6.7 in). The standard DuPont Mammoth powder developed by Thomas Rodman and Lammot du Pont for use during the American Civil War had grains averaging 0.6 inches diameter, with edges rounded in a glazing barrel.107 Other versions had grains the size of golf and tennis balls for use in 20-inch (50
45、-cm) Rodman guns.109 In 1875 DuPont introduced Hexagonal powder for large artillery, which was pressed using shaped plates with a small center coreabout 1.5 inches diameter, like a wagon wheel nut, the center hole widened as the grain burned.110 By 1882 German makers also produced hexagonal grained powders of a similar size for artillery. A BRIEF BIG HISTIRY A BRIEF BIG HISTIRY
