1、Ocean Marine Cargo InsuranceOverview Insurance is a contract whereby one party, in consideration of a premium paid, undertakes to indemnify(赔偿) the other party against loss from certain perils or risks to which the subject matter insured may be exposed to. Ocean marine insurance covers ships and the
2、ir cargoes, both on the d waterways high seas(远海) and on inland waterways. 1. NEED FOR INSURANCE Exporters and importers face all the time uncertainties of loss of their goods. Insurance is used to protect their financial interests against such risks and actual losses. 2. COVERAGE OF OCEAN MARINE IN
3、SURANCE By purchasing insurance, the assured(被保险人) protects his financial interests against three things: the risk of loss, the actual loss and the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce loss. Two types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance. 1) Risks2) Loses Ocean marine insurance covers two
4、types of losses, partial loss and total loss.3) Expenses Ocean marine insurance also covers some expenses incurred in reducing the loss of the subject matter insured either by the assured himself or a party other than the insurer and/or the assured. This encourages efforts to save the subject matter
5、 insured.Scope of Insurance Coverage 保险险别是指保险人对风险和损失的承保责任保险险别是指保险人对风险和损失的承保责任范围。在保险业务中，各种险别的承保责任是范围。在保险业务中，各种险别的承保责任是通过各种不同的保险条款规定的。通过各种不同的保险条款规定的。 China Insurance Clauses，CIC 中国人民保险公司制定的中国人民保险公司制定的“中国保险条款中国保险条款” Institute Cargo Clauses，ICC 英国伦敦保险协会制定的英国伦敦保险协会制定的“协会货物保险条款协会货物保险条款”1、基本险别、基本险别 FPA （Fr
6、ee from Particular Average，平安险平安险 ） WA或或WPA（With Particular Average，水渍水渍险险） All Risks （一切险（一切险） 2、附加险别、附加险别 一般附加险一般附加险 特殊附加险特殊附加险 协会货物条款（协会货物条款（A） 协会货物条款（协会货物条款（B） 协会货物条款（协会货物条款（C） 协会战争险条款协会战争险条款 协会罢工险条款协会罢工险条款 恶意损害险条款恶意损害险条款附加险别附加险别3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CARGO INSURANCE 1) Insurable interest
7、2) Utmost good faith 3) Indemnity 4) Proximate cause and principle of subrogation1) Insurable interest(可保利益可保利益) Insurable means the person insuring must have the absolute ownership of the subject matter insured. Interest means that the person insuring must be the one who stands to bear some financi
8、al loss if the risk materializes. the concept of lost or not lost.2) Utmost good faith This principle requires both the assured and insurer to deal with each other with the highest standard of honesty. Insurance is an exception. In insurance, both the assured and the insurer are placed under an obli
9、gation to deal with each other in utmost good faith. If one party fails to observe this principle, the contract can be annulled by the other party. 3) Indemnity This concept is concerned with the value of compensation. It is the principle that the assured cannot recover more than his actual loss as
10、the objective of insurance is only to provide compensation for the loss suffered by the assured. The practical way of concluding marine insurance is on the basis of agreed value. The reason is that it is hard to arrive at the value of the lost property if the loss occurs at the sea. The figure of co
11、mpensation provides an approximation but not exact indemnity for the assured depending on where the loss occurs, how market fluctuates and if the subject matter insured is undervalued or overvalued. 4) Proximate cause and principle of subrogation Proximate cause refers to the first peril in a chain
12、of events that results in a loss. This concept concerns solely with establishing the actual cause of loss of or damage to cargo in order to reduce the underwriters liability to within tolerable limits. It depends on a courts interpretation of the facts in the case.4. MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENERAL CARGO
13、 INSURANCE 1) Free from Particular Average (FPA) of China Insurance Clauses (CIC, effective January 1, 1981) 2) With Average/With Particular Average (WA/WPA) of CIC 3) All Risks (AR) of CIC 4) Special additional coverage 5) Exclusions of insurance policy1) Free from Particular Average (FPA) of China
14、 Insurance Clauses (CIC, effective January 1, 1981) Before going to FPA(平安险 ), average terms need to be explained. The word average has a special meaning in cargo insurance. It means partial loss or non-total loss to a ship or cargo, and partial loss in turn means total loss of part of the insured c
15、argo or damage to all or part of the Insured cargo.Policy Written for FPA Conditions Loss Caused By or Resulting From:PartialLossCoverageTotalLossCoverage1.Heavyweather,lightning,barratryoftheMasterorMariners,assailingthievesexcept:Whileondeck,ifadirectresultofstranding,sinking,burning,fireorcollisi
16、onWhileunderdeck,ifthevesselstrandsorisburntduringtheinsuredvoyageoriflossordamagecanreasonablybeattributabletofireorcollisionNotCoveredCoveredCoveredCoveredCoveredCovered2.FireorexplosionCoveredCovered3.Vesselorcraftbeingstranded,sunkorburntCoveredCovered4.CollisionorupsettoanairorlandconveyanceCov
17、eredCovered5.Collisionorcontactofawaterborneconveyancewithanyexternalobject(iceincluded)otherthanwaterCoveredCovered Particular average(单独海损单独海损 ) means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property (ship or cargo) general average(共同海损共同海损 ) means a sacrifice made for the common safe
18、ty of both the cargo and the ship. Partial damage of cargo by sea water is2) With Average/With Particular Average (WA/WPA) of CIC WA(水渍险水渍险) provides cover against all loss or damage due to marine perils or perils of the sea including partial loss or damage throughout the duration of the policy. Thi
19、s coverage provides protection against damage from sea water caused by heavy weather.ICC (B) has the same coverage plus damage of package during loading and/or unloading.ICC (B) and (C) provide cover against specified risks only.3) All Risks (AR) of CIC Besides the risks covered by FPA and WA, All R
20、isks(一切险一切险) also provides cover against some extraneous risks of loss or damage (eg, theft, pilferage and non-delivery, fresh water rain damage, risk of shortage, risk of intermixture and contamination, leakage risk, clashing and breakage risk, hook damage, loss and/or damage by breakage of packing
21、, rusting risk). Typical exclusions in an “ALL-RISK” Policy are: 1.Improperpacking2.Abandonmentofcargo3.Rejectionofgoodsbycustoms4.Failuretopayorcollectaccounts5.Inherentvice(infestationorlossduetothenatureofproductitself)6.Employeeconversionordishonesty7.Lossesduetodelayorlossofmarket8.Lossesinexce
22、ssofpolicylimits9.Lossesatportcitymorethan15daysafterdischargeofcargo10.Lossesinlandmorethan30daysafterdischargeofcargo11.LossesinSouthAmericamorethan60daysafterdischargeofcargo12.Bargeshipments13.Goodssubjecttoanon-deckbilloflading14.Lossescausedbytemperatureorpressure(airshipments)15.Failuretonoti
23、fyaircarrierofpreliminarylossintimelyfashion: a.Obviousdamage7days b.Hiddendamage14days c.Non-delivery120days16.Usedgoods4) Special additional coverage Besides the above categories of coverage, both CIC and ICC have some additional coverage, both CIC and ICC have some additional coverages. 除外责任除外责任
24、所谓所谓，是指保险公司明确规定不予承保的损是指保险公司明确规定不予承保的损失失或费用。按照中国保险条款，对于上述三种基本险别，保险公司或费用。按照中国保险条款，对于上述三种基本险别，保险公司有以有以下除外责任：下除外责任： 被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失。被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失。 属于发货人责任所引起的损失。属于发货人责任所引起的损失。 在保险责任开始前，被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造在保险责任开始前，被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成的损失。成的损失。 被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性以及市价跌落、运输延迟被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性以及市价
25、跌落、运输延迟所引起的损失或费用。所引起的损失或费用。 本公司海洋运输货物战争险条款和货物运输罢工险条款规定的责任本公司海洋运输货物战争险条款和货物运输罢工险条款规定的责任范围和除外责任。范围和除外责任。5) Exclusions of insurance policy Insurance policies have excluded the coverage against some risks. These exclusions are the loss or damage by risks such as inherent vice or deterioration, insuffici
26、ent or unsuitable packing, delay and loss of market, etc.5. CHOICE OF THE RIGHT COVERAGE Exporters cannot get whatever coverage they want from the insurance company. Even if they can, subject matters should be insured in the appropriate category. Experienced exporters know the losses they expect. Th
27、e insurance should be both economical and effective.6. INSTITUTE OF LONDON UNDERWRITERS AND INSTITUTE TRANSIT CLAUSE Institute of London Underwriters(承保人) is a professional organization founded in 1884 representing the interests of underwriters. Its Technical and Clause Committee has produced and wi
28、ll continue to produce special clauses, institute clauses, which are widely used. Institute Transit Clause covers the goods from the time they leave the warehouse named in the policy, continues while goods are in transit and terminates either when the goods reach their final warehouse or on the expi
29、ry of 60 days after discharge overside from the overseas vessel whichever is earlier. 国际货物买卖合同中的保险条款包括：国际货物买卖合同中的保险条款包括： 保险投保人的约定保险投保人的约定 保险公司和保险条款的约定保险公司和保险条款的约定 保险险别的约定保险险别的约定 保险金额的约定保险金额的约定 保险费的计算保险费的计算例，例，CIF合同保险条款：合同保险条款： 保险：保险：“保险由卖方按照发票金额的保险由卖方按照发票金额的110投投保一切险、战保一切险、战争险，以中国人民保险公司争险，以中国人民保险公司1
30、981年年1月月1日的有关日的有关海洋运输货物海洋运输货物保险条款为准。保险条款为准。”Insurance: To be covered by the seller for 110% of total invoice value against All Risks and War Risks, as per and subject to the relevant ocean marine cargo clause of Peoples Insurance Company of China edited 1981.1.1. 保险投保人的约定：保险投保人的约定：根据买卖双方约定的交货条件和所使用的
31、贸易术根据买卖双方约定的交货条件和所使用的贸易术语语 由买方投保的合同有由买方投保的合同有： EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CPT由卖方投保的合同有：由卖方投保的合同有： CIF CIP DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP 保险公司和保险条款的约定：保险公司和保险条款的约定： 在按在按CIF或或CIP条件成交时，因投保由卖方办理，但保险条件成交时，因投保由卖方办理，但保险公司资信情况却与买方有着重大关系，因此，保险公司和所公司资信情况却与买方有着重大关系，因此，保险公司和所采采用的保险条款一般由买方在合同中限定。用的保险条款一般由买方在合同中限定。 目前，我国通常采用中国人民保险
32、公司目前，我国通常采用中国人民保险公司1981年年1月月1日生效日生效的货物运输保险条款为依据。但有时国外客户要求按照英国的货物运输保险条款为依据。但有时国外客户要求按照英国伦伦敦保险业协会货物保险条款（敦保险业协会货物保险条款（ICC Clause）为准，我方也可为准，我方也可以以通融接受。通融接受。7. MAJOR TYPES OF POLICY 1) Time policy 2) Voyage policy 3) Mixed policy 4) Floating policy 5) Open policy1) Time policy A time policy is one that r
33、uns for a period of time usually not exceeding 12 months. 2) Voyage policy This is a policy that operates for the period of the voyage. For cargo, the cover is from warehouse to warehouse. The policy will not apply if the actual voyage and/or ports are different from those in the policy.3) Mixed pol
34、icy This is a policy that covers the subject matter for the voyage within a time period. It is used to cover the cargo from warehouse to warehouse with a time limit. The cargo has to be warehoused within 60 days after discharge or the policy will no longer cover the cargo.4) Floating policy This is
35、an arrangement by which a large initial sum of insurance is granted. Each time a shipment is made, the assured declares this and the value of the shipment is deducted from the outstanding sum insured. The premium is paid in advance. This arrangement provides the policy holder with a large reserve of
36、 cover for cargo. It is often used by a dealer with several consignments of goods to insure. Floating policy is the total of several voyage policies. 5) Open policy This is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum
37、value of each shipment and geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is signed. The following ocean marine forms are those that are generally available. Manuscripted policies, to cover unusual situations or special risks are also possible. Marine Cargo Policy Cargo War Risk Policy Hu
38、ll Insurance Yacht Policy Marine Cargo Policy Ocean Marine Insurance is designed to cover various hazards related to the movement of goods. The first and obvious protection that can be provided is for the cargoes themselves. Cargo War Risk Policy The Cargo War Risk Policy is designed to provide cove
39、rage where the standard cargo policy ends, in times or places of war or similar (excluded) upheaval. The War Risk Policy covers almost all of the war risk perils excluded under the former policy. Hull Insurance The basic Marine Policy is used to cover either the shipowner or the shipper (or buyer) o
40、f goods. When coverage is for goods it is termed a Cargo Policy; when the ship is covered, it is termed Hull Insurance. The shipowner is provided legal liability protection to others, for instance in the event of a collision. Yacht Policy The Yacht Policy covers pleasure craft, such as yachts, motor
41、boats and sailboats. It is written to cover both the property (boat, and contents) and its liability for collisions or injuries. There are two Yacht Hull Policies. The Limited Hull Policy will only cover the specified perils of fire, lightning and theft. The Full Marine Policy additionally covers ex
42、plosions, perils of the sea, theft, collision and conversion. 8. ENDORSEMENT OF THE INSURANCE POLICY When one person is responsible for procuring insurance, the exporter often makes himself the beneficiary. A blank endorsement would then be needed in order to transfer the policy. However, if the imp
43、orter or his bank has-been made the beneficiary of the insurance policy, no endorsement is necessary for the transfer 9.Warranties A warranty is an assurance by one party to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely. Express Warranties Implied Warranties1)Express Warr
44、anties An express warranty is one, which is expressly stated in the policy of insurance it must be included in or written upon the policy. There is no limit to the number of express warranties, but those generally included in a marine policy are that the ship is seaworthy on a particular day, that t
45、he ship will sail on a specified day, that the ship will proceed to its destination without any deviation and that the ship is neutral and will remain so during the voyage.2)Implied Warranties Implied warranties are conditions not incorporated in a policy but assumed to have been included in the pol
46、icy by law, custom or general agreement. These warranties are: Seaworthiness; Legality of the voyage; Non-deviation海运保险单样本海运保险单样本3)保险单的填写保险单的填写 (一)货物运输保险单的填写要求 被保险人名称。如果买方为被保险人, 一般说来, 保险责任从货物装上运输工具开始; 如果卖方为被保险人, 一般说来, 保险责任则从保险单载明的起运地运出时开始。 货物名称、数量。 包装及标志。 保险金额。这是指保险核定的金额。如果以 CIP 价格成交的货物, 投保金额可加成 10。
47、如以 FOB 或 CFR 价格成交, 必须先换算成 CIF 价格, 然后加上 10确定保险金额。 FOB 价格或 CFR 价格换算成 CIF 价格的公式如下： CIF = CFR 价格换算成 CIF 价格的公式如下： CIF = 装运工具。如果是用船舶运输, 就应写明船名; 吨位、建造年份, 船籍、是否需要转运。 开航日期。如果知道确切开航日期, 则填上确切的日期; 如不知道确切开航月期, 则可填待定。 航程或路程。写明某某港 某某港。如果到达目的地的路线有两条或两条以上, 则要写上自某某港经某某港至某某港。 提单或运单号码。提单是一种重要的海上货物运输合同的证明, 它证明海上货物运输合同的成
48、立, 并表明货物已由承运人收受或装上船并据以把货物交付给收货人。 保险险别及条件。按国际惯例, 承保的险别必须和信用证的要求一致, 必须与贸易合同上所列的保险条件相符。比如说, 平安险、水渍险、或一切险。 赔款支付地点。以进口货物的货物运输保险索赔在国内, 出口货物保险以国外进口商所在地为原则。 承保日期。承保日期应该在船舶开航或运输工具出发之前, 比如说, 两天之前。一般说来, 保险公司与投保人或被保险人确定一个起保日期, 以避免产生纠纷。 签名盖章。 (二)船舶保险单的填写要求 船舶被保险人名称(Name of the Shipowner); 船舶名称(Name of the ship o
49、r Vessel); 船舶注册地(Place of Registry); 保险金额(Sum Insured); 保险险别及条件(Insurance Conditions); 绝对免赔额(Deductible); 航行范围(Trading Limit); 保险期限或航程(Period of Insurance); 保险费(Premium); 付费办法(Payment of Premium); 签订日期(Date); 签名盖章(Underwriting Signatory)。2)海洋货物运输保险条款的英文表达海洋货物运输保险条款的英文表达 平安险加保舱面险。 Covering Free from
50、Particular Average(F.P.A) as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1/1981), INCLUDING risks ON DECK 水渍险加保战争险。 Covering With Average(W.A) and War Risks as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses and Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Compan
