1、第十七章第十七章 定语从句定语从句1. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句2. 关系代词和关系副词关系代词和关系副词3. 通常只能用通常只能用that引导的定语从句引导的定语从句4. 关系词的省略关系词的省略5. 介词同关系代词连用的几种结构介词同关系代词连用的几种结构6. as 和和but作为关系代词的用法作为关系代词的用法1 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句o 1.1 两者的区别两者的区别o定语从句就其与先行项的语义关系来说，可分为限制性和非限制性两种，其主要区别见下表： o例如：The book is about a man
2、who deserts his wife. 这本书讲的是一个抛弃妻子的男人。（限制性）My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. 我表兄上周去了欧洲，他是个工程师。（非限制性）Peter, who everyone suspects, turned out to be innocent. 大家都怀疑彼得，但结果证明他是无辜的。（非限制性）These are the photos which/ that show my house. 这些是我家房屋的照片。（限制性）The 9:30 train, which (不用that)
3、is usually very punctual, was late today. 9：30的这趟火车晚点了，这趟车通常是很准时的。（非限制性）【注】在实际使用中，非限制性定语从句有时也有不加逗号的情况，因此不能仅以有无逗号作为标准，还应从意义上看。1.2 which的一种用法的一种用法o 在非限制性定语从句中，which可以将整个主句作为先行项，这时which相当于and this或and that。例如：It was raining hard, which kept us indoors. 雨下得很大，把我们困在家里。He spoke confidently, which impresse
4、d me most. 他讲话很自信，这一点给我印象很深。She married Joe, which surprised everyone. 她嫁给了乔，这使大家都很意外。The clock struck thirteen, which made everyone laugh. 时钟敲了13下，弄得人人发笑。2 关系代词和关系副词关系代词和关系副词o 21 关系代词的指代功能和句法作用关系代词的指代功能和句法作用o 引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语和定语等，例如：She is the woman who/ that lives next door. 她就是住在隔壁的女人。（主语）
5、The man who (m)/ that you met just now is our director. 你刚遇见到的那个人是我们的主任。（宾语）This is George, whose class you will be taking next semester.这就是乔治，你下学期将听他的课。（定语）【注】有时，关系代词that 或which可在定语从句中担任表语（但在非正式语体中通常省略）。例如：Frank is not the man (that) he used to be. 弗兰克不再是以前的他了 如果是非限制性定语从句，则只能用which (不能用that), 也不可以省
6、略。例如：He imagined himself to be an artist, which he was not. 他把自己想像成为一名艺术家，而实际上他不是。22 关系副词的指代功能和句法作用关系副词的指代功能和句法作用 o(1) 关系副词when, where和why分别表示时间、地点和原因，在从句中充当状语，它们通常可用“介词which”来替换。例如：The summer of 1969, when/ in which man first set foot on the moon, will never be forgotten. 1969年夏天是人们永远不会忘记的，这个夏天人类首次
7、登上月球。o(2)在口语或非正式语体中，可用that代替引导限制性定语从句的关系副词，亦可省略不用。例如：I still remember the summer (that) we had the big flood. 我仍然记得我们遭受洪水的那个夏天。2.3 关系代词和关系副词的选择关系代词和关系副词的选择 o 选择关系词时，首先要看指代先行项的关系词在从句中担任什么成分；其次，要看先行项表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；另外，还要判断从句是限制性还是非限制性定语从句。试比较一下几组句子：This is the place where the traffic accident occurr
8、ed. 这就是发生交通事故的地方。(where作状语)This is a place which Ive long wanted to visit. 这是我长期以来想去的地方。(which作宾语)The reason which he gave is unacceptable. 他提出的理由是不能接受的。(which作宾语)The reason why he did it is unacceptable. 他做那件事的理由是不能接受的。(why作状语)The tree which has been cut down is 300 years old. 那棵被砍倒的树已有300年的历史。（whi
9、ch作主语）3 通常只能用通常只能用that引导的定语从句引导的定语从句o（1）先行项为all, anything, something, nothing, everything等不定代词时。例如：Please just tell me anything that you know about the author.请告诉我你所知道的有关这本书的作者的一些情况。All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的东西不都是金子。【注】all 指人时，后面须用who：God bless this ship and all who sail in her. 上帝保佑这条船和所有乘此
10、船的人吧。o（2）先行项为形容词最高级所修饰时。例如：This is one of the most touching stories that I have ever read.这是我曾经读过的最为动人的故事之一。o（3）先行项被序数词和被only, very, the same 等所修饰时。例如：The first thing that we should do now is to fulfill the task as early as possible.首先我们应该做的是尽早完成任务。These are the very points that puzzle me. 就是这几点把我给难
11、住了。o（4）当先行项包括“人和物”时。例如：She takes care of the children and the dog that are left in the house after the parents go to work.父母上班后，留在家中的孩子和狗由她照看。He talked of the men and the books that interested him.他谈到了使他感兴趣的人物和书籍。4 关系词的省略关系词的省略o(1)关系代词在从句中充当宾语时。例如：Here is the man (who/ that/ whom) youve been looking
12、 for. 这就是你一直在找的人。The novel (which/ that) you lent me is remarkably fascinating. 你借给我的那本小说十分引人入胜。o(2)先行项是表示时间、地点、原因和the way等名词时。例如：Do you still remember the day (when/ on which/ that) you went to college?你还记得你上大学的那一天吗？This is the university (where/ that) he studied ten years ago.这就是他10年前读书的大学。o(3)主句是
13、there be句型或定语从句为there be句型时，作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如：There is someone (who) wants to see you. 有人要见你。There is a table (that) stands in the corner. 角落放着一张桌子。Its the fastest train (that) there is to Beijing. 这是到北京最快的火车。5 介词同关系代词连用的几种结构介词同关系代词连用的几种结构o 5.1 介词介词which/ whomWe need a chairman in whom everyone has co
14、nfidence. 我们需要一个人人都信任的主席。This is an important problem into which few scholars have researched.这是个很少有学者研究过的重要问题。o 5.2 介词介词which/ whose 名词名词He is the man from whose house the pictures were stolen. 他就是那个家里藏画被盗的人。The speaker paused to examine his notes, at which point a loud crash was heard.讲演者停下来查阅他的笔记
15、，就在此时，听到了砰的一声巨响。5.3 名词名词ofwhichShe wrote a book, the name of which Ive forgotten. 她写了一本书，书名我忘了。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协议。The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired. 房顶损坏的那所房子现在已修好了。I saw some old houses the windows of which were
16、broken. 我看见一些老房子，窗户都破损了。5.4 代词代词/数词数词/形容词比较级或最高级形容词比较级或最高级+of +which/ whomoa few, several, some, any, many, much (of which), the majority, most, all, a number of, half, none, either/ neither, the larger/ the smaller, the oldest/ the youngest等以及数词常用于此结构中，表示数和量。例如：I bought a dozen eggs, six of which b
17、roke when I dropped the box at my door.我买了12只鸡蛋，当装鸡蛋的盒子在门边掉落时，其中6个打坏了。She borrowed ten books from the library, three of which are detective stories. 她从图书馆借了10本书，其中有本是侦探小说。Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well. 两名运动员都未进入决赛，但都表现得很好。Weve got several hundred foreign students in ou
18、r university, the majority of whom are from Europe. 我们大学有好几百名外国学生，其中大多数人来自欧洲。6 as 和和but作为关系代词的用法作为关系代词的用法o (1) as引导限制性定语从句时，多和such或the same连用。例如：Dont always trust such people as praise you to your face.别总信任那些当面表扬你的人。（as作主语）Her attitude was not the same as it used to be. 她的态度和以前不大一样。（as作表语）The explor
19、er took only such men and things as he really needed into the jungle with him.探险家仅带来了他真正需要的人和物品进入丛林。（as作宾语）o （2）as引导非限制性定语从句时，可代替整个主句，对其进行说明。该从句可以位于主句前面、后面，或插在主句中间，常译成 “像”，“正如”等。例如：All living things are made of cells, as we have learnt before.正如我们学到的那样所有生物都由细胞构成。As might be expected, a knowledge of
20、psychology is essential for good advertisement.正如人们所期望的那样，设计出好的广告必须具有心理学知识。Give him more time as we know old habits die hard.多给他点时间，我们都知道积重难返嘛。o (3) but用作关系代词时在意义上相当于that (who, which)not;含这种but的句子常常表示肯定意义。例如：There are few of us but admire your determination.我们中很少有人不钦佩你的决心。Nobody knows her but likes
21、him. 认识她的人无不喜欢她。There is no rule but has exceptions. 凡规则都会有例外。There is no tree but bears some fruit. 没有不结果的树。练习答案与解析练习答案与解析o1.D 用which引导非限制性定语从句o2.C whose purpose 代表a meetings purposeo3.B all that=whato4.A 先行词中既有人又有物，用that引导定语从句。o5.D that 修饰the reason，在定语从句中作宾语。o6.A all that=whato7.C which引导的定语从句修饰p
22、iano，因为是on the piano 所以要用on which。o8.D o9.D因为有最高级，所以只能用that引导定语从句，不能用which。o10.A where 引导的定语从句，where在句中做地点状语。o 11.B 前有介词，只能用which，不用that。o 12.B country后省略了thato 13.A that 引导的定语从句，Place后省略了thato 14.A without my glasses 没有眼镜o 15.C whose=the girls o 16.B in which =in the science of medicineo 17.A which
23、引导的非限制性定语从句o 18.B 因为有the only所以只能用that引导o 19.A most of whom= most of the audience o 20.B very few后的定语从句只能用that 引导o21.D the content of which=whose contento22.B where引导的定语从句o23.C 这里需要的是地点状语，where或者in which。o24.B 因为有the only只能用that引导定语从句o25.B as正如，正如她的父母所期待的o26.A the origin of which= whose origino27.C that引导的定语从句省略thato28.C 先行词中既有人又有物，用that引导定语从句。o29.A in the honor of sb. 以的名义 give a party举行宴会o30.D but用作关系代词时在意义上相当于that (who, which)not;含这种but的句子常常表示肯定意义。例如：There are few of us but admire your determination。
