1、第十八章第十八章 状语从句状语从句o 1. 时间状语从句时间状语从句 o 2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句o 3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句 o 4. 目的状语从句目的状语从句o 5. 条件状语从句条件状语从句o 6. 让步状语从句让步状语从句o 7. 比较状语从句比较状语从句o 8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句o 9. 结果状语从句结果状语从句 o 10. 对比状语从句对比状语从句o 11. 状语从句中的省状语从句中的省略略现将各种状语从句常用的从属连词和词组列表如下：o 状语从句同状语一样，在句中位置比较灵活，可位于句首、句末或偶尔句中。例如：When I have time, I read
2、modern poems. 我有时间就读现代诗。.She looked both ways when she crossed the street. 她两边看了一下，然后才过街。I come here every month since I was a child to see my grandfather. 我从小就每月来看我的祖父。1 时间状语从句时间状语从句 o 引导时间状语从句的连词主要有after（在之后）, as（当，一边一边）, before（在之前）, once（一旦）, since（自从）, when（当时）, whenever（不论何时）, while（在期间）, now
3、(that)（既然）, as long as（长达，达之久）, as soon as（一就）, till/ until (直到)，the minute（一就）, the moment（一就）, directly（一就）, immediately（一就）, each (every) time（每次）等。1.1 when, while和和 as等连词的用法等连词的用法Ill let you know when it is arranged. 安排好了我会告诉你的。While/As I was walking home, it began to rain.当我往家走时，天开始下雨了。She was
4、walking alone when a boy ran up behind her and tried to snatch her purse.正当她一个人走路时，突然一个男孩从身后上来企图抢她的手提包。I was reading a book while he was watching TV. 我看书时他在看电视。You will grow wiser as you grow older.随着年龄的增长，你会变得更聪明。As time went on, their hopes began to wane. 随着时间的消逝，他们的希望开始变得渺茫。It was another five mi
5、nutes before Doris heard him coming down the stairs. 又过了5分钟多丽丝才听到他从楼上下来。Once (=When) we have decorated the house, we can move in. 一旦我们把房子装饰好就能搬进去。1 . 2 t h e m o m e n t , t h e i n s t a n t , immediately, every time等的用法等的用法A thunder of applause broke out the moment he finished his speech. 他发言一结束，立
6、刻响起雷鸣般的掌声。The instant I saw him, I know he was my old schoolmate.我一看见他，就认出他是我的老同学。Immediately he earns any money he spends it. 他一挣钱就花了（挣多少就花多少）。Every time he comes, he brings me a new issue of some monthly magazine.每次他来总给我带新的一期月刊来。By the time she entered college, she had been exposed to English for
7、six years. 她上大学时已学了6年的英语。1.3 no soonerthan和和hardlywhen的用的用法法o这种结构当no sooner, hardly等放在句前时，需要倒装。例如：He had no sooner drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.（= No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy.）他一喝咖啡就犯困。The performance had hardly begun when the lights went out.（= Ha
8、rdly had the performance begun when the lights went out.）演出一开始，灯就熄灭了。【注】时间状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时；用现在完成时代替将来完成时。例如：Ill phone you when I get home from work 下班一到家我就打电话给你。You will get to like the subject after you have studied it for some time.这门课学过一段时间后，你就会喜欢的。2 地点状语从句地点状语从句o引导地点状语从句的连词有：where（在地方）, where
9、ver（无论什么地方）, everywhere（到处）以及anywhere（无论何处）等。例如：Where there is oppression, there is struggle. 哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。Sit wherever/ anywhere/ everywhere you like. 你想坐在哪里就坐在哪里。Everywhere Jenny goes shes mistaken for Princess Diana. 无论詹妮走到哪里，她都会被误认为是黛安娜公主。Wherever you work, you must always serve the people heart
10、 and soul.不论你在哪里工作，你都必须始终全心全意地为人民服务。【注】where引导的状语从句有时表示条件的意义。例如：Where there is love, there is faith. 只要有爱情，就会有真诚。Where theres marriage without love, there will be love without marriage.只要有无爱的婚姻，就会有婚外情。Where there is a will, theres a way. 有志者事竟成。Socrates said that there is no happiness where there is
11、 no wisdom.苏格拉底说，没有智慧就没有快乐。3 原因状语从句原因状语从句 o 引导原因状语从句的连词主要有：because（因为，由于）, as（因为，由于，鉴于）, since（既然，因为）, in that （因为）,now (that)（由于，因为，既然）, seeing (that)（因为,鉴于）, considering (that)（由于，考虑到）等。3.1 because, since 和和as的用法的用法obecause的语气最强，回答why提出的问题，since的语气次之，as 又次之。since 和as引导的原因状语从句所说明的原因往往是已知的。because引导
12、的从句一般放在主句之后，特别强调原因时，也可放在主句之前。Since you say so, I suppose it is true. 你既然这么说，我想这是真的。As I am about to start a journey, I shall not be able to begin the work before I return.由于我将出去旅行，回来之前我不能开始那项工作。I cant open the door because Ive brought the wrong key. 因为拿错了钥匙，我开不了门。Because the meeting was taking too l
13、ong, Mr. Green decided to leave at once.会议拖得太久，格林先生决定马上离开。3.2 seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 和和in that的用法的用法o这几个连词同since/as意义相近，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因是”的意思。通常用于书面语中。例如：Seeing (that) they are just beginners, they are doing quite a good job.由于他们刚开始学做，他们干得算是很不错的了。Considering that I have told you t
14、hree times, you must know it.既然我已告诉你三次，你应该懂了吧。Now ( that) I have visited the exhibition, I feel more proud than ever of our great country.看了这个展览会我比过去更为我们伟大的祖国而感到骄傲。A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.气体不同于固体是因为它没有一定的形状。4 目的状语从句目的状语从句o 引导目的状语从句的连词主要有so that（为了，以便，使），in order t
15、hat（为了，以便），that（为了，以便），so（为了），lest（免得，以防，以免）, for fear (that)（以防，以免）等。4.1 so that和和in order that的用法的用法They climbed higher so that/in order that they might/ could/ should/ might/ would get a better view of the city.他们爬到更高处以便更好地欣赏城市美景。Ive arrived early so that/ in order that I may/ can/ will get a goo
16、d view of the procession.我到得很早，以便能好好看看那行进的队伍。He walked quickly, so much so that no could follow him. 他走的很快，没有人能跟上他。She pampered him so that he would feel thoroughly contented.她非常娇惯他，目的是使他感到完全满足。4.2 in case, lest 和和for fear (that) 的用法的用法o由in case, for fear that, lest引导的目的状语从句中一般用虚拟语气，由should加动词原形表示，表
17、示”免得，以防，以免”等意思；但也可用陈述语气。Children played quietly in the room lest they (should) wake up their mother.孩子们在房间里静静地玩耍，惟恐吵醒他们的妈妈。I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.我再三核对了所有的结果，惟恐有差错。Weve installed an extinguisher next to the cooker in case there is ever (th
18、ere should/ might ever be) a fire. 我们在炉灶旁边安装了一个灭火器以防着火。Youd better leave the key at home in case one of us (should) think of coming back.你最好把钥匙留在家里以防有人想要回来。5 条件状语从句条件状语从句o 引导条件状语从句的连词主要有：if（如果）, unless（除非，若不）， as (so) long as（只要就）， as far as (只要就,就而言)，provided/ pr o v i di n g ( th a t) （假如）， suppos
19、e/supposing (that)（假如），in case（如果，万一），once（一旦）等。5.1 unless和和if的用法比较的用法比较o这两者都表示“除非，若不”的意思。if表示正面条件，意为“如果”；unless 表示反面条件，意为“除非，若不”，在意义上相当于“ifnot”，但语气较强。Unless you work hard, you will fail to pass the exam.除非你努力学习，否则考试不及格。If you dont work hard, you will fail to pass the exam.如果你不努力学习，你考试就不及格。I wont ge
20、t lost if I take a map. 如果我带张地图，就不会迷路了。Unless you oil the motor regularly, it wont run smoothly. 如果不给发动机经常加润滑油，它就不会顺利运转。5.2 其他连词的用法其他连词的用法Providing/Provided that it snows tomorrow, we shall play snowballs.明天要是下雪的话，我们就堆雪人。Supposing/Suppose that I dont have a day off, what shall we do?假如我没有休假，那该怎么办？So
21、/As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.只要你继续努力，你就会成功。In case (that) Tom comes, please tell him to wait. 假如汤姆来，请让他等一下。5.3 only if和和if only 的区别的区别o Only if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”；if only引导的从句多为感叹句，要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿， 要是就好了”。例如：Only if we persist in carrying out the open-door policy, we will achi
22、eve greater success in every field. 只要我们坚持改革开放，我们就能在各个方面取得更大的成就。If only the committee would approve the regulation and put it into effect.要是委员会批准并实施这一规定那该多好啊！6 让步状语从句让步状语从句o 引导让步从句的连词主要有：though (although)（尽管，虽然）, even though/if（即使，虽然，尽管）, however（虽然，尽管）,while(尽管）, whether or(不论还是), no matter (how, w
23、hat, where, which, when, who)（无论怎样/什么/什么时候/哪一个/谁/什么地方）, whatever（无论怎样/什么）, whoever（无论哪一个/谁）, as（尽管，虽然）等。6.1 though, although, even if, even though的用法的用法o这四个连词都表示“尽管，虽然”之意，但是even if 和even though所表示的让步语气最强，although次之，though最弱。though有时可用在倒装句中，although则不可以。例如：Though he studied very hard, he didnt get go
24、od marks. 虽然他学习刻苦，但成绩并不好。Although (Though) they had many difficulties, the dockers were determined to unload the ship ahead of schedule. 尽管有很多困难，搬运工人决心提前卸完船上的货物。Even if he is inexperienced, he is at any rate eager to learn. 尽管他没有经验，他还是千方百计地学。Honest though he was, Tom was not much liked by people. 尽管
25、诚实，汤姆却不为大家喜爱。6.2 while和和as 的用法的用法o （1） while除了用来引导时间状语外，还可以引导让步状语从句，其意义相当于although，但只能放在主句之前。例如：While David loves his daughter, he is strict with her.尽管戴维爱他的女儿，但他对她很严格。While he is young, he is experienced and knowledgeable.尽管他很年轻，但很有经验，知识渊博。o（2）as引导让步状语从句时，从句应放在主句之前，并用倒装语序。例如：Child as he is, he can
26、read and write quite well. 他虽然还是个孩子，但他能说会写。 (= Although he is a child, he can read and write.)Hard as he works, he can not pass the exam. 尽管他很努力，但没能通过考试。 (= Although he works hard, he can not pass the exam.)【注】上述结构的从句在某些场合也可表示原因，例如：Tired as he was, he went to bed as soon as he came back.因为他很累，所以一回来就
27、上床睡觉了。Teacher as he was, he explained it very clearly. 因为他是教师，所以解释得很清楚。6.3 whether or not, whatever, whoever, however等的用法等的用法Whether or not he finds a job, hes getting married next month.不论他是否找到工作，他已定于下月结婚。Whatever you think/ may think, Im going ahead with my plans.不管你怎么想，我都要实行我的计划。Whoever/No matter
28、 who telephones, tell them Im out. 无论谁来电话，都说我不在。However/No matter how hard I tried, I couldnt catch up with them.无论我多么努力，我都赶不上他们。No matter where you go (may go), I will be with you. 无论你到哪里，我都要和你在一起。6.4 be引导状语从句的用法引导状语从句的用法obe有时也可用来引导让步状语从句，但必须倒装。例如：Be he friend or enemy, the law regards him as a cri
29、minal. 无论他是敌是友，法律认为他是罪犯。As my eyesight dims, I think of the joys of reading, be it a letter, or a book, or some subject for deep thought. 随着视力的减退，我想起了阅读的快乐，不论它是一封信、一本书、或某个让人深思的话题。7 比较状语从句比较状语从句o引导比较状语从句的连词有：than（比）, as.as（和一样）, not so.as（不及，不如）, the .the（越越）等。She makes more money in a week than I do
30、 in a fortnight. 她一周比我两周赚的钱还多。Silver conducts electricity better than other metals. 银比其他金属容易导电。The universe is much more complicated than you think. 宇宙要比你想象的复杂得多。The warmer water is, the faster it evaporates. 水愈热，挥发得就愈快。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言论。To paint in oil is harder than to paint
31、in water colors. 画油画比画水彩画难。8 方式状语从句方式状语从句o引导方式状语从句的连词主要有：as（像，如同），(just) as（正如，正像），as if（好像，仿佛） 和as though（好像，仿佛）等。o 8.1 as if/ though的用法的用法oas if 和as though引导的从句可以用陈述语气，表示（可能）符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况。It looks as if/though it is going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。He treats me as if/though I were a st
32、ranger.他待我如陌生人。It sounds as if/ though the situation will get worse. 听起来好像情况会更糟似的。She acted as if she were mad. 她的举动像疯了一样。8.2 as和和just as的用法的用法Please do as I told you. 请按照我所讲的去做。While in Rome we must do as the Romans (do). 入乡随俗。Just as water is the most important of liquid, (so) air is the most impo
33、rtant of gases.空气是气体中最重要的一种，正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样。【注】what有时也可引导方式状语从句，常可用 as代替。例如：An individual is to a country what/as a screw is to a machine.一个人对于国家的作用，就如同螺丝钉对于机器一样。Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.读书利于思想就好比食物利于身体。9 结果状语从句结果状语从句 (the Adverbial Clause of Result)o 引导结果状语从句的连词主要有：that(因而,所
34、以 , 结 果 ) , s o t h a t ( 因 而 ， 以 致 于 ) , so.that(如此.以致于), such.that(这样.以致于)等。9.1 sothat , such.that 和和so that的用的用法法The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.风刮的那么大,我们简直寸步难行。He is such a marvelous joker (that) you cant help laughing.他是一个如此奇妙的诙谐人物，（以致）弄得你不得不笑。His progress was such that
35、 it surprised his teacher. 他的进步如此之大,老师都感到惊讶。I was caught in a shower, so that all my clothes got wet.我遇上阵雨，结果全身上下被淋得湿透。【注】当so或such放在句首时,主句主语和谓语要倒装,表示强调。例如：So terrible was the storm that the whole roofs were ripped off.那场风暴真可怕,整个屋顶都被掀掉了.Such an inspiring speech did he made that everyone present got e
36、xcited.他的演讲那么鼓舞,在场的人都非常激动。9.2 目的从句和结果从句的比较目的从句和结果从句的比较o（1）在目的从句中，任何时候都可以用in order that来代替so that;而在结果从句中则不可以。例如：We arrived early so that (或in order that) we could/ would/ should/ might get good seats.我们来得早，以便有好的座位。We arrived early, so that we got good seats. 我们来得早，所以有了好座位。o（2）结果从句总跟在主句之后，而目的从句却可以置于主
37、句之前。例如：So that everyone could hear the news, she turned the radio up.为了大家都能听到新闻，她把收音机的音量调大。10 对比状语从句对比状语从句o引导对比状语从句的连词主要有：while（而）和whereas（而）。例如：Nick is already eighty while his wife is only eighteen.尼克已经80岁了，但他的妻子只有18岁。He is talkative while/whereas his wife is speechless.他很健谈，而他的太太却沉默寡言。Wise men se
38、ek after truth while/ whereas fools despite knowledge.智者求真理，愚人贬知识。I prefer working late into the night, while/whereas he would rather work early before dawn.我喜欢工作到深夜，而他宁愿凌晨起来工作Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。11 状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略o 状语从句与主句的主语一致或是代词it，
39、且谓语动词又是be时，则从句的主语和be都可以略去。o 11.1 时间从句：时间从句：While (she was) at college, Delia wrote a novel. 上大学时，达莉娅写了一部小说。When still a boy of six, Bob was sent away from home. 鲍勃6岁时就被送出家门。Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled. 金属热胀冷缩。While trying to open the can, I cut my hand. 在试图打开罐头时，我划破了手。When (th
40、ey are) ripe, these apples are sweet. 等到成熟，这些苹果就甜了。o 11.2 地点从句：地点从句：Where (it is) necessary, improvements will be made. 哪儿需要，就加以改进。Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 这种结构随处都要避免。Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary. 在需要的地方填上冠词。o 11.3 条件从句：条件从句：If (it is) necessary, I will as
41、k you for help. 如果有必要，我会请你帮忙。Once imprisoned, they will not be able to escape. 一旦被关进监狱，他们将不可能逃脱。If accepted for this post, you will be informed by May, 1st.如果同意担任此职，到5月1日你将接到通知。o 11.4 让步从句：让步从句：Though (he was) exhausted, he went to bed very late. 尽管他已筋疲力尽，但还是很晚才上床。Her opinion, whether right or wrong
42、, should be considered. 她的观点，不管是对是错，应该考虑。o 11.5 方式从句：方式从句：The girl looks as if (she is) afraid of nothing. 那个女孩看上去好像无所畏惧。Mary sat there as if stunned. 玛丽坐在那儿，好像很震惊。He raised his hand as if to take off his coat. 他举起手好像要拿掉帽子。o 11.6 比较从句：比较从句：Production is going up much faster than (it was) before. 生产比
43、以前增加得快多了。His sister is quicker in learning than he (is). 他妹妹比他学得快。练习答案与解析练习答案与解析o1.D Now that，既然o2.A while，在的同时o3.D for fear that，生怕、以防万一o4.B do as，照行事；as you were told to 按要求行事o5.C it will not be long before为惯用句型，表示“要不了多久 就”，全句意为“我希望我们不久就能再次见面”o6.C本题要用when引导的时间状语从句，when表示“此时（突然）”，故不可用as来引导。 注意as和wh
44、en表示时间的区别。o7.C notuntil 直到才o8.B in case 以防o9.A although引导的让步状语从句o10.B However=no matter how 引导的让步状语从句o11.D though引导的让步状语从句o12.A lest=in case 以防o13.B as引导的让步状语从句 o14.C no soonerthan 一就o15.C when 正在这时 o16.B since she went 自从她去了，后面用完成时。o17.C such+名词+that 如此以至于o18.C Just asso is 正如，也这样o19.A as directed为
45、as they are directed的省略形式，as引导方式状语从句，意为“像” 。o20.D so long as= as long as 只要o21.C provided that 假如/如果o22.A 整句话的意思是：所有物质，不管是气体，液体或者固体，温度上升都会膨胀（热胀冷缩）。 no matter 后面一般要接疑问代词，如no matter what/how/when。 even if是即使的意思，根据句意不对。 whatever一般用于问句，表示惊讶或困惑。 o23.A 哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。结构同：Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。o24.C when引导时间状语从句，when后面省略了it is。o25.A If引导条件状语从句，if后省略了it is。o26.C on condition that引导条件状语从句。o27.C so that 和in order that都引导目状语从句。o28.A when引导时间状语从句，When landing on the island= When it landed on the island。o29.B in that 引导原因状语从句。o30.B scarcely when意思是“一/刚就”。
