1、2015年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Record
2、ed in the Old Testament is the expression an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retr
3、ibutive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to th
4、e criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay h
5、is debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequa
6、te way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered,
7、the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly re
8、turned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place
9、in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. Thebesttitleforthisselectionis（ ）A. FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB. ApproachestoJustPunishmentC. ImprovementinLegalJusticeD. AttainingJusticeintheCourts2.Thepassageimplie
10、sthatthebasicdifferencebetweenretributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe（ ）.A.typeofcrimethatwasprovenB.severityforthepunishmentC.reasonforthesentenceD.outcomeofthetrial3.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe（ ）.A.forcedbrainsurgeryB.whippingC.solitaryconfin
11、ementD.theelectricchair4.TheBiblicalexpressionaneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto（ ）.A.prove，thatequalitydemandsjustpunishmentB.justifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawC.givemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeD.provethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjustice Ineveryknownhumansocietythemale
12、sneedsforachievementcanberecognized.Ina greatnumberofhumansocietiesmenssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,or ability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfact hastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsome feat.Thisistheconclusion
13、oftheanthropologistMargaretMeadaboutthewayinwhichtheroles ofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfrom complete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomen andaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefenceswhic
14、hmenhavethrownuparoundtheir hithertoacceptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesof occupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubt oftheseriousnessofwomenspretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,it issupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunni
15、ngtheworld.Thereareagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmensstatus.Inthe firstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,in India,SriLankaandIsrael.Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especially married womenandmothersofchildren.Morediffu
16、selytherearetheincreasinglynumerous convergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesin dressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsof hithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveor
17、naturalconditionsof humanlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,but thatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardly feltexpectationsofpeoplessenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiation betweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentary
18、naturalsocietymengoouttohunt andfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorous initiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.5.Thephrasemenssurenessoftheirsexroleinthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey （ ）A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.B.taketheinitiati
19、veincourtship.C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsideredmanly.D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.6.Thethirdparagraph （）A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphB.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphC.repeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph（
20、）A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjokeD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（ ）A.approvesofB.arguesisnaturalC.completelyrejectsD.e
21、xpectstogoonchangingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaran
22、teed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was
23、necessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in
24、rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development conclude
25、d that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Minister of Finance. What we want is for the rich coun
26、tries to let us compete. Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economy over the past decade has
27、been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With
28、 trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exp
29、orts of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go. This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected
30、that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks desig
31、ned to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.Bycomparison,farmers（ ）receivemoregov
32、ernmentsubsidiesthanothers.?A.inthedevelopingworldB.inJapanC.inEuropeD.inAmerica?10.Inadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereisa（ ）motivebehindBushssigningofthenewfarmbill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.Themessagethewriterattemptstoconveythroughoutthepassageisthat（ ）?A.poorcountriessh
33、ouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintrade?B.“theleast?developedcountry”statusbenefitsagriculturalcountries?C.poorcountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalization?D.farmersinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidies12.ThewritersattitudetowardsnewfarmsubsidiesintheU.S.is（ ）?A.favourab
34、leB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reserved Roger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext f
35、or expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react
36、 to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studi
37、es have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how doe
38、s Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, h
39、e discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against
40、 it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might
41、 have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism o
42、r surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astu
43、te and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies le
44、velheaded and penetrating criticism.13TheauthorobjectstocriticismofBlackfictionlikethatbyAddisonGaylebecauseit（ ）.A.emphasizespurelyliteraryaspectsofsuchfictionB.misinterpretstheideologicalcontentofsuchfictionC.misunderstandsthenotionsofBlackidentitycontainedinsuchfictionD.substitutespoliticalforlit
45、erarycriteriainevaluatingsuchfiction14.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（ ）.A.evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticismB.comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubjectC.discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticismD.summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism15.TheauthorsdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas（ ）.A.pedanticandcontentiousB.criticalbutadmiringC.ironicanddeprecatingD.argumentativebutunfocused16.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldbeLEASTlikelytoapp
