1、Grammar Tenses时态现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在一般过去一般将来一般过去将来进行现在进行过去进行将来进行过去将来进行完成现在完成过去完成将来完成过去将来完成完成进行现在完成进行过去完成进行将来完成进行过去将来完成进行时一般现在时一般现在时（1）构成）构成 一般一般 现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语是第现在时主要用动词原形表示，如果主语是第三人称单数，在动词原形后加三人称单数，在动词原形后加-s或或-esTom often helps his parents do housework at home.Sometimes Lucy washes her clothes herse
2、lf.（2)一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法1)表经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。表经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。He often goes to school by bike.2) 表客观事实或普遍真理。表客观事实或普遍真理。The earth goes around the sun.3)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中如由when, if, as soon as,before, until，once, the moment等，用一般现在表将来，即主将从现。The moment he arrives, Ill tell him about it .I will go with you
3、as soon as I finish my work. 4）在某些以here，there开头的句子中用一般现在时表正在发生的动作。There goes the bell.(5) 与一般现在时连用的时间状语 表频度的副词，always, often, usually, sometimes 等。 On Sundays, on Monday afternoon , every day, every morning, every year1) Once a year, twice a month, three times a week一般过去时一般过去时（1）构成：用动词的过去式表示。）构成：用动词
4、的过去式表示。Last week Tom made a model plane with his friend Jack.(2) 一般过去时的用法一般过去时的用法1）表过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态）表过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态We visited the factory last week.2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street.He always went to work by bus. 3）和一般过去时连用的时间
5、状语）和一般过去时连用的时间状语last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the other day, at that time, just now.3. 一般将来时一般将来时（1）表将来发生的动作或存在的状态。）表将来发生的动作或存在的状态。构成：构成：be going to + v.原原will + v.原原shall + v.原原1. be going to +v.原，表示将来。 计划打算做某事。Im going to buy a new coat this winter.b. 有迹象要
6、发生的事Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain. 2. shall 一般用于第一人称一般用于第一人称(we,I),表建议表建议 Shall we go swimming tomorrow? 3. will 表有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表客表有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表客气的邀请或命令气的邀请或命令。Will you please lend me your bike?还可表单纯的将来，与人的主观愿望无关。还可表单纯的将来，与人的主观愿望无关。The sun will rise at 6: 30 tomorrow morning.4. be
7、doing 表示将来常用这种结构的动词有 go, come, leave, stay, start , begin 等。表即将发生或安排好要做的事。We are leaving for London.I am coming soon.5. be about to+ v. 原原 be to+ v. 原，原， 都表将来都表将来, “ 马上做某事马上做某事”The train is about to start.She is to be married next month. 现在进行时 表此时此刻正在进行的动作。 通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语（now, at this moment），或通过Loo
8、k/Listen!这两个提示语来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。 Listen, she is singing a song.2.现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。They are studying hard this term.3. go, leave, arrive, return, start, begin 用现在进行表将来。I am going to Beijng this Sunday.现在进行时的特殊用法 现在进行时往往与constantly, always, forever continually, all the time等状语连用， 表示一种反复出
9、现或习惯性的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩 Shes constantly complaining. 。He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.现在完成时现在完成时构成形式：主构成形式：主+ has/ have +done常被称为常被称为“与现在有联系的过去与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。与明确的过去时间状语连用。（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已完成的动作对）现在完成时表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响现在造成的影响.The temperature has increase
10、d by 10. （结果：（结果：It is quite hot now.） Air pollution has taken the lives of many people. （结果：（结果：Air pollution is very serious now.） -Have you found your lost pen yet? - No, I havent found it yet. 2）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在）现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在.（还有可能持续下去）常与（还有可能持续下去）常与 for + 时间段时间段， since+ 时间点时间点 连用，连用， 多
11、为延续性动词。多为延续性动词。 We have lived here since 2000. I havent watched TV for two weeks.句型：句型：(1) 主语主语+have done +since句（过去句（过去时）时）We have lived here since 2000. My aunt has taught English since she came to the school. (2) It is/ has been + 一段时间一段时间+ since从句从句（过去时）（过去时）It is five years since he joined the
12、army.(3) This/ It is the first/ second.time +that从句从句This is the first time that I have come here.几个副词在现在完成时的用法1）just “刚刚” ，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。He has just come back from Beijing.2) ever “曾经“ ， 用疑问句或否定句中，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。Have you ever been to Shanghai .3) never “从来没有”， 常与before 连用，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。I have never
13、traveled by plane before.4)before “以前“，总放在句末，不受句型限制。I havent heard of it before.5)already “已经” 用于肯定句，常放在助动词与过去分词之间，也可放句末。I have already finished my homework.6） yet 用疑问句中意为“已经”,用否定句中表“还”， 常放句末。She has not gone to bed yet.延续性和非延续动词用法我离开学校已经八年了。误：误：Ive left this school for eight years.正：正：Ive been away
14、 from this school for eight years.他借用我的词典已两天了。误：误：He has borrowed my dictionary for two days.正：正：He has kept my dictionary for two days.非延续动词延续动词buy borrow have ; keepdie finishbe dead; be overopen gobe open; be therejoin leave be in ; be awayput on wake upwear; be awakecatch a cold fall asleephave
15、a cold be asleeparrive/ reach be过去完成时过去完成时（1 1）一件事情发生在过去，而另一件事先于它发）一件事情发生在过去，而另一件事先于它发生（表生（表“过去的过去过去的过去”）发生在前的事情的动词）发生在前的事情的动词用过去完成用过去完成。I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.（2 2）表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去）表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：的
16、另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：until/ until/ by/ before/ by the end of +“by/ before/ by the end of +“表过去的某一时表过去的某一时间间”。By the end of last year we had built five new houses.（3）在）在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从等动词后的宾语从句。句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris.（4）表示意向的动词，如）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect
17、, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示原本原本，未能未能“We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.返回返回1）一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去）一般过去时是一种过去时态，侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关，强调动作；的动作，与现在无关，强调动作；现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范现在完成时是与现在有关的时态，属现在时态范畴；强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影畴；强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。响。I saw this film yesterday.（
18、强调看的动作发生过了。）（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film. 强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。2）连用的时间状语不同：与现完：）连用的时间状语不同：与现完：already, yet, still, just, so far, in the last/ past（years), before, ever, never, since, for等。等。 一般过去时的时间状语有：一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等。等。Fa
19、ther bought that watch ten years ago.Have you ever picked flowers in the park?如：如：have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.如：如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize,
20、remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.如：如：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.如：如：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.返回返回过去进行时的主
21、要用法：过去进行时的主要用法： 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作动作常用的时间状语有：常用的时间状语有：this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last eveningMy brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun w
22、as shining. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read; was falling was reading; fell C. was reading; was fallingD. read; fell答案答案B.句中的句中的as = when, while，意为，意为当当之时之时。句意为句意为 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。句句中的中的 fell
23、 (fall的过去时的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：容词，如：fall sick。 返回返回过去将来时过去将来时（1） 从过去某一段时间看将来发生的动作或从过去某一段时间看将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾从中，谓语由存在的状态，常用于宾从中，谓语由“would+v.原原”。He said he would buy some fruit for his sister.He asked when the meeting would end.(2)表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作；或表表示曾经打算或准备要做的动作；或表有某种要发生某事。有某种要发生某事。用用 were/was
24、 going to + v.原原.I thought it was going to rain soon.They were going to start a new job when I saw them then.(3) go, come, leave, arrive, start 用过用过去进行时表过去按计划即将发生的事。去进行时表过去按计划即将发生的事。He said he was coming this evening.2. have been to ,have gone to 与与have been in 三种结构的区别三种结构的区别have been to 过去曾经去过某地，过去
25、曾经去过某地，现已回来现已回来have gone to 已去了某地，现在还已去了某地，现在还没回来没回来have been in 已在某地（待了多久）已在某地（待了多久） 该地小地点用该地小地点用 at, 大地点用大地点用in。1.吉姆已和他的家人去了伦敦。吉姆已和他的家人去了伦敦。Jim _ London with his family.2. 你以前过去北京吗？你以前过去北京吗？Have you _ Beijing before?3. 格林一家在中国已两年了。格林一家在中国已两年了。The Greens _China for two years.4. 王老师已在这个学校十年了。王老师已在这个学校十年了。Mr. Wang _ this school for ten years.
