1、By Wu Ying 一、基本定义： 定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，它起定语的作用。 定语：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的，汉语中常用“的”表示。 定语可以是一个单词，一个短语或一个句子，当定语是个句子时，我们把这种定语叫作“定语从句”。 定语从句“诞生记”： 1. The beautiful girl is my classmate. 2. The girl beside the window is my classmate. 3. The girl who wears a white dress is my classmate.= 1)The girl is
2、 my classmate. 2)The girl wears a white dress. 二、术语：1. 先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词或代词，一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。1)关系代词用来代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等。2)关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语 注意：关系词的作用是：连接主句和从句；关系代 词作宾语时可以省略。关系词在定语从句中的成分指代对象关系代词who主语或宾语人whom宾语人whose定语人或物that主语或宾语或表语人或物which主语或宾语物as主语或宾语
3、或表语人或物关系副词where地点状语地点when时间状语时间why原因状语原因三、关系代词的用法(一）who 作主语，指人，既可指单数名词， 也可指复数名词；在口语中，作宾语时常用 who 代替whom,也可省略 (1)Do you know the student who left a moment ago? (who 指人，作主语） (2)All of the people who we talked about just now are from Japan. (who 指人，作介词宾语） (3)The man (who/whom) we met at the school gate
4、is our English teacher. (who 指人，作动词宾语）定语从句解题技巧：“三定”组装法1.定主句：确定句子主干部分2.定先行词：确定要修饰限定的部分3.定关系词：根据先行词的性质（代表人或物或句子），来选定关系词，取代先行词 (1)使用关系代词的情况：定语从句中缺主语或宾语或表语或定语时(2)使用关系副词的情况：定语从句中不缺主语、宾语和表语等成分时1. Women _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ do
5、nt. （2006北京卷） A. who ; 不填B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填; 不填Key: C2. The famous basketball star, _ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. (2002春招) A. where B. when C. which D. who Key:D3. Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths. （2013湖南
6、卷） A. whomB. whoC. whatD. which Key: B4. After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive. (2012江苏卷) A. which B. who C. where D. whatKey:B (二）whom 作宾语，指人 作及物动词的宾语时，who可以代替whom； 作介词宾语时，当介词后置，who/whom 均可， 亦可省略； 但紧跟介词之后时，必须用whom，且不可省
7、略 (1) The man (who/whom) we met at the school gate is our English teacher. (who/whom 作动词宾语） (2) The professor (who/whom) we called on yesterday is friendly to his neighbors. (whom 作介词宾语，介词后置） (3) He had three daughters, all of whom went to college. （whom作介词of的宾语） (4) With whom did you go to the Summ
8、er Palace? (whom 作介词with的宾语）1. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _we gave some bells and glasses. (2006湖南卷) A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with whichKey: B (give sth to sb)2. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they
9、can talk frequently. (2004上海)A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom Key:D （talk with sb)3. The gentleman _ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000上海春) A. who B. about whomC. whom D. with whomKey: B (tell sb about sb/sth)4.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn f
10、or help. (1992全国) A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom Key:D (turn to sb for help)5. Why does she always ask you for help? （2005北京） There is no one else _, is there? A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turnKey: B (turn to sb 求助某人)(关系代词作介词宾语时，当介词后置，亦可省略）（三） whose
11、是所有格形式，既可以指人， 也可以指物，表示“的”， 在从句中作定语；指物时可与of which 互换 (1) The student whose mother is a professor studies very well. (whose 指人） (2) This is the house whose windows (=the windows of which 或 of which the windows)are all broken. （whose 指物）1. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or recei
12、ve any e-mails. （2009天津） A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoeverKey:C2. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (2009安徽) A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whomKey: B3. A company _profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abro
13、ad. （2014山东卷） A. which B. whose C. who D. whyKey: B 4. Look out ! Don t get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. (福建卷) A. whose B. which C. of which D. thatKey: A (whose roof=of which the roof 或=the roof of which)(四） that 既可指人也可指物，在从句中作 主语、宾语和表语(1) This is the book that interests me. (that
14、 指物，作主语）(2) The jacket (that) my mother bought for me doesnt fit me. ( that 指物，作宾语）(3) The boy that beat me in the ping-pong game was my deskmate. (that 指人，作主语）(4) He is the man (that/who/whom) you can believe in. (that 指人，作宾语）(5) Amy is no longer the girl that she was. (that 指人，作表语）1. Do you still
15、remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? （2005北京春招） A. where B. when C. that D. what Key: C2. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other. （2011山东卷） A. they B. where C. what D. thatKey:D3.Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes，theres one po
16、int _we must insist on (2006江西卷) Awhy Bwhere Chow D/Key: D (关系代词作宾语，可省略）4. The doctor _is leaving for Africa next month. (1983全国) A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking Key: C ( talk to sb)(五)which 指物，在从句中可以作主语、 宾语和定语(当紧跟介词后
17、，作介词宾语 时， 不可省略，且要考虑固定搭配）(1)The ship which/that has just set out is leaving for Qingdao. (which 指物，作主语）(2)This is the bike (which/that) I bought last week. (which 指物，作宾语）(3) George spent five years in college, during which time he studied medicine. （which 作定语）1. In fact the Swede did not understand t
18、he three questions _ were asked in French. （1985全国） A. where B. who C. in which D. which Key: D2. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _you can hire to reach your host family. （2011上海卷）A. whichB. whereC. whenD. asKey: A3. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009
19、陕西11) A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into whichKey: C (argue about sth)4. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students Union. （2005重庆） A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that timeKey:
20、A（六） as 在从句中作主语、宾语、表语， 常与 the same 或 such 连用；引导限制性定语从句时，先行词一般是单词；引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常是句子 (1) He works in the same office as I do. （as 作宾语） (2) Our English teacher often uses such expressions as he can find in the texts. （as 作宾语） (3) China is a developing country, as is known to all. (as 代替前面的整个句子，在从句中作
21、主语） 补： the sameas表示两者的相似性， the samethat表示两者的同一性 (1)This is the same watch as I lost last week. (相似但不是同一个事物） (2)This is the same watch that I lost last week. （两者是同一个事物）1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected. (2000上海) A. like B. as C . that D. which Key: B2._ is known to everyb
22、ody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全国) A. It B. As C. That D. What Key: B 四、关系副词的用法 （一） when 表示时间，在定语从句中作时间 状语，其先行词是表示时间的名词（year， season，day 等） (1) I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. （On the day, I joined the Party.） (2) Do you still remember the year when
23、 we worked together? (In the year, we worked together.)1. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for night. (2009江苏) A. if B. when C. which D. sinceKey: B2. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer(2003北京) A. which B. that C. whose D
24、. whenKey: D3. I am looking forward to the daymy daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her. （2014湖南卷）A. as B. whyC. when D. whereKey: C 4. The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007年山东卷)A . when Bduring which Csince then Dsince whenKey: D（二
25、）where 表示地点，在定语从句中作地点 状语，其先行词是表示地点的名词（place， room等） (1) That is the school where we once studied. （We once studied in the school.) (2) This is the village where I live now. ( I live in the village now.) 1. Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. (2009 上海
26、34) A. where B. when C. there D. whichKey: A2. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _ they learn simple games and songs. (2007年全国一) A. then B. there C. while D. whereKey: D3. Where did you get to know her? It was on the farm we worked. （2007年山东卷） Athat Bthere Cwhich Dwhere Key:D4. Ill g
27、ive you my friends home address, _I can be reached most evenings. (2008年北京卷) A. which B. when C. whom D. whereKey: D(三） why 表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状 语，其先行词只有表示原因的reason 一词 注意：先行词reason后接定语从句时，若定语从句中缺少原因状语，则用why引导；若缺少主语或宾语，则用that或which引导。 (1) We dont know the reason why he hasnt come to the party. (He hasnt c
28、ome to the party for the reason.) (2) Can you tell me the reason why your sister cried just now? (Your sister cried just now for the reason.)1. The reason _he was late was that he had a bad accident on the way to school. A .why B. because C. that D. whichkey：A2. Is this the reason _at the meeting fo
29、r his carelessness in his work? (2002上海) A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained Key: A (explain the reason for）五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句一般不用逗号和主句隔开，可修饰主句中的某一个名词或代词常用逗号和主句隔开，可修饰主句中的某一个词，也可以修饰整个句子;修饰整个句子时，用which引导This is the place where we used to work.
30、We are going to spend our holiday in Guilin, where we have some friends.The weather which is fine makes us happy. The weather turned out to be fine, which was more than we had expected.限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，一般不可缺少非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不密切，只是一种补充说明，去掉也可以The woman who lives next door is a doctor.My brother Jim, who
31、 lives in London, is a doctor.限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句的关系词在作宾语时可以省略，由that引导的定语从句都是限制性的非限制性定语从句的关系词在任何情况下都不能省略， 且不能由that 引导The umbrella (that) you are holding is mine. The weather turned out to be fine, which made us happy.限制性定语从句翻译时一般提前，译为带“的”的句子非限制性定语从句常译成并列句或独立句，位置可不变（即可以不提前）Who is the man that is s
32、tanding by the door? 站在门旁边的那个男人是谁？ Li Pings father , who works in a factory, is an engineer. 李平的爸爸是一位工程师，他在一家工厂工作。1. My friend showed me round the town, _ was very kind of him. (2009全国17)A. which B. that C. where D. itKey: A2. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of cours
33、e , made the others envy him . (2004天津) A. who B. that C. what D. whichKey: D六、that 和 which 的用法只用 which 而不用that 的情况1. 引导非限制性定语从句时 He was very rude to Customs officer, which made things even worse.2.关系代词在从句中紧接在介词之后作宾语时This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 3. 先行词本身为that时，为避免重复用
34、whichWhats that which flashed in the sky just now?4. 先行词后有插入语时Here is an English grammar book which, as I told you, will help you improve your English.只用 that 而不用 which 的情况1.当先行词是不定代词（all, little, much,none,everything,something, anything, nothing 等）或被不定代词（all, every, some, any, no, little, much, few
35、等）修饰时Thats all that I want to say.2.当先行词被the only, the very, the just, the last 修饰时This is the very English-Chinese dictionary that I want to buy.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时Paris is one of the most beautiful cities that I have visited.4. 当人和物同时作先行词时The thing and the person that they are talking about is v
36、ery important.5.先行词（无论指人还是指物）作表语或关系代词本身作从句的表语时Our village is no longer the place that it used to be.1. Finally, the thief handed everything _he had stolen to the police. （1987全国） A. which B. what C. whatever D. that Key: D2. Please send us all the information _ you have about the candidate for the p
37、osition. （2014陕西卷） A. thatB. which C. asD. whatKey: A3. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. (2010 全国卷1 )A. which B. where C. what D. that Key: A4. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. (2004北京春招) A. it B. that C. this D. whi
38、ch Key: D七、as 和 which 的区别aswhichas引导非限制性定语从句时一般代表整个主句的内容which 引导非限制性定语从句时既可以代表整个主句的内容，又可以代表主句中的某个词或词组Taiwan, as is known to everyone, is a part of China.Nothing is more important to us than the sun, which gives light and heat.as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或之后which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后As we all know, Shakespeare is a fam
39、ous writer. He said he was a millionaire, which wasnt true.aswhichas 代表前面全句意思时，有“正如”、“就像”的含义，而which没有此含义 定语从句为否定句时，用which而不用as He won the first prize in the match, as we had expected.This old man always looks down upon me, which I cant bear.as可引导限制性定语从句，常用于suchas，the sameas结构中当定语从句是主谓宾补结构时，常用which 引
40、导 Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.She is always late for school , which makes our headteacher very angry.as常用于as has been said, as is well-known, as we know, as we can see等结构中，而which不能 This kind of computer, as is well-known, is out of date.1. The Science Museum, _ we
41、 visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions. ( 2008年江苏卷) A. whichB. what C. thatD. where key: A2. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _ was beyond his wildest dream. (2007年上海卷) A. which B. that C. where D. itKey: A3. The Beatles, _many of you are ol
42、d enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006天津卷) A. what B. that C. how D. as Key: D4. _ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京) A. It B. As C. ThatD. WhatKey: B八、“介词+ which/whom” 结构(一）“介词+ which” 在定语从句中作时间、地 点、原因状语，相当于关系副词when、 where、 why (1)
43、I still remember the day on which （=when) I won the first prize. (2) We are going to visit the place in which(=where)Lu Xun once lived. (3) I had told them the reason for which (=why) I didnt attend the meeting. 1. Is this the house _Shakespeare was born? （1988全国） A. at where B. which C. in which D.
44、 at whichKey: C 2. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction _she had come. (2006重庆卷) A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from whichKey: D(二）most/neither/both/比较级/最高级/ 数 词/不定代词 + of +which/whom (做定语从句的主语或宾语, 与先行词构成所属关系) (1)
45、I bought a lot of books last Sunday, some of which are about computer. (=and some of them） (2) She has two daughters, both of whom become doctors. （=and both of them）1. She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. (2009全国28) A. them B. who C. whom D. theseKey: C2. The growing
46、 speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _are beyond our control.( 2008年湖南卷)A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of thatKey:B3. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. (2004湖北) Athe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger o
47、f which Key: D(三）“介词+which+不定式”相当于一个简化的 定语从句 She found something with which to write.(=which she could write with).（四）复合介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，常用逗号把先行词与从句隔开 He lived in a new house, in front of which there is a river. （五）after + which (表事情发展的时间顺序)1. He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on to
48、 Beijing University. (2007年江苏卷) A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in thatKey: A2. Eric received training in computer for one year, _ he found a job in a big company. (2007年辽宁卷)A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after thisKey: B注意： 1. 应根据定语从句后面的动词和介词的搭配关系来选择介词 (1)The pen on which I
49、 spent 20 yuan is lost. (2)This is the house in which we lived last year. 2. 固定词组中的介词不可提前 (1)The man (who/whom/that) he is looking after is his father. (2)This is the watch (that/which) I am looking for.九、定语从句常见考点 (一）关系代词作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定 (1)I dont like the person who is arrogant. (2)I dont l
50、ike those who _are_ arrogant.特例：(1)He is one of the students who are late.(2)He is the only one of the students who is late.This is the only one of the students _ the truthA that knows B that know C who know D which knows key: A the only one of + 名词复数 是先行词，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。(二) 先行词是way, 意为“方式、方法”时，引导定语
