1、语法专题（一）语法专题（一）时态时态一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时一般现在时一般现在时概念概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。在的某种状况。时间状语：时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sund
2、ays, (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.etc.基本结构基本结构：bebe动词；行为动词动词；行为动词否定形式否定形式：am/is/am/is/are+notare+not; ;此时态的谓此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,dont,如如主语为第三人称单数，则用主语为第三人称单数，则用doesntdoesnt，同时，同时还原行为动词。还原行为动词。一般疑问句一般疑问句：把：把bebe动词放于句首；用动词放于句首；用助动词助动词dodo提问，如主语为第三人称单数，提问，如主语为第三人称
3、单数，则用则用doesdoes，同时，还原行为动词。，同时，还原行为动词。什么情况下用？什么情况下用？表示经常或习惯性的动作或存表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。表示主语通常的能在的状态。表示主语通常的能力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。力、兴趣爱好、和性格特征。表示客观的事实或真理。表示表示客观的事实或真理。表示按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的按照时刻表或已经计划安排好的将来行为。将来行为。（只限于是（只限于是go, come, go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off,
4、 stop, bestop, be等表示开始或移动意义的等表示开始或移动意义的词。）词。）在时间状语从句和条件在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时状语从句中，主句用一般将来时(will+(will+动词原形动词原形) )，从句中用一般，从句中用一般现在时表将来。现在时表将来。当主语是第三人称当主语是第三人称时，谓语动词要用时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，第三人称单数形式，加加-s/es-s/es。除此之外。除此之外都用动词原形。都用动词原形。动词第三人称单数动词第三人称单数形式变化规则形式变化规则 规则例子一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/
5、,在d后读/dz/。)Playplays leaveleavesswimswims以字母s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。pass passes fixfixesteachteaches wishwishesdodoes以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i, 再加-es,读/z/studystudies carrycarriesflyflies1. 1. He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle Scho
6、ol.Middle School.2. 2. He_(have, has) classes in the He_(have, has) classes in the afternoon.afternoon.3. 3. He_(get, gets) up at half past six every He_(get, gets) up at half past six every morning.morning.4. 4. He always _(come, comes ) to school He always _(come, comes ) to school on time.on time
7、.5. 5. He _(study, studies) very hard at his He _(study, studies) very hard at his lesson.lesson.6. 6. One and two _(be, is, are) three.One and two _(be, is, are) three.7. 7. Blue and yellow _(make, makes) green.Blue and yellow _(make, makes) green.8. 8. The earth _(move, moves) round the The earth
8、_(move, moves) round the sun.sun.9. 9. I will go there if I _( be, will be, am, is, I will go there if I _( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorrow.are) free tomorrow.10. 10. I will go there when I _(have, I will go there when I _(have, will have, has) time tomorrow.will have, has) time tomorrow.11.
9、 11. He wont come to the party unless He wont come to the party unless he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.12. 12. Ill wait here until my mother Ill wait here until my mother _(come, comes, will come) back._(come, comes, will come) back.13. 13. Please return
10、 the book to the library Please return the book to the library as soon as you _(finish, finishes, as soon as you _(finish, finishes, will finish) reading it.will finish) reading it.14. 14. Once you _(see, sees, will see) Once you _(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him.him, you will ne
11、ver forget him.一般过去时一般过去时时间状语：时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long longlong ago, once
12、upon a time, etc. ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：基本结构：bebe动词；行为动词动词；行为动词否定形式：否定形式：was/was/were+notwere+not; ;在行为在行为动词前加动词前加didntdidnt，同时还原行为动词。，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：一般疑问句：waswas或或werewere放于句首；放于句首；用助动词用助动词dodo的过去式的过去式did did 提问，同时提问，同时还原行为动词。还原行为动词。谓语动词使用过去式形式，谓语动词使用过去式形式，加加eded，分为规则和不规则变，分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去
13、经常发生的动化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用作，也可用“used to do used to do ”和和“would +“would +动词原形动词原形”。构成规则构成规则例子例子一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。looklooked playplayedworkworked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlikeliked livelivedhopehoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplanplanned stopstoppeddropdropped结尾是“辅音字母y”的动词，先变“
14、y”为“i”再加-edstudystudied worryworriedcrycriedHe_(be, was, were, been) here a He_(be, was, were, been) here a moment ago.moment ago.They _(be, was, were, been) here They _(be, was, were, been) here just now.just now.The scientists _(leave, leaves, The scientists _(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for Amer
15、ica yesterday.leaved, left) for America yesterday.Last week we _(visit, visited ) Last week we _(visit, visited ) the Science Museum.the Science Museum.When I was a child, I often _(play, When I was a child, I often _(play, played) football.played) football.The students ran out of the classroom The
16、students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell _(ring, rang, as soon as the bell _(ring, rang, rung).rung).现在进行时现在进行时作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。发生时间的各种形式称为时态。1. 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。进行的动作及行为。 2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：Now, at this time, days, Now, at this time, days,
17、 look. listenlook. listen等时间状语做标志。等时间状语做标志。3. 3.基本结构：主语基本结构：主语+be +doing +be +doing +其其他他4. 4.否定形式：主语否定形式：主语+be +not +be +not +doing+doing+其他其他5. 5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把bebe动词放于句首。动词放于句首。1) 1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调发生的动作，强调“此时此刻此时此刻”。 E.g. He is reading . E.g. He is reading . They are talkin
18、g now.They are talking now.2) 2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。正在进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days.E.g. They are working these days.3) 3)、 某些动词的现在进行时，表预某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.gE.g I am coming. I am coming.1) 1)、一般在动词词尾加上、一般在动词词尾加上- -inging ,E.g. ,E.g. jumpjump2) 2)、以不发音
19、字母、以不发音字母e e结尾的动词，先结尾的动词，先去去e e，再加，再加- -inging. . E.gE.g have write have write3) 3)、. .以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上写，再加上- -inging. E.g. sit put . E.g. sit put 其句式其句式变换都在变换都在bebe上做文章。上做文章。1.I _(write, am writing, is writing, are 1.I _(wri
20、te, am writing, is writing, are writing) a letter now.writing) a letter now.2.Look, it _(begin, is beginning, am 2.Look, it _(begin, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain.beginning, are beginning) to rain.3.They _(study, is studying, am 3.They _(study, is studying, am studying, are stud
21、ying) medicine at the studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.Medical Institute of Chengde these days.4.He _(teach, am teaching, is 4.He _(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are teaching) an English lesson teaching, are teaching) an English lesson at this time.a
22、t this time.过去进行时过去进行时1. 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2. 2.时间状语：时间状语：at this time yesterday, at at this time yesterday, at that timethat time或以或以whenwhen引导的谓语动词是引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。一般过去时的时间状语等。 3. 3.基本结构基本结构 主语主语+was/were +doing +was/were +doing +其他其他 4. 4.否定形式：主语否定
23、形式：主语+was/were + not +was/were + not +doing+doing+其他其他 5. 5.一般疑问句：把一般疑问句：把waswas或或werewere放于句放于句首。首。( (第一个字母大写）第一个字母大写） 其句式变化仍然要在其句式变化仍然要在bebe上做文章。上做文章。过去进行时常与过去某一特定时过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如间的状语连用，如 last night, at last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last that time, at noon yesterday, last Sun
24、day Sunday 等。等。 也有时没有时间状也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。用过去进行时。1.I _(cook, cooked, was 1.I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived.when you arrived.2.What _you_( do, did, 2.What _you_( do, did, was.doing, weredoing) at this wa
25、s.doing, weredoing) at this time yesterday evening?time yesterday evening?3.We_(have, are having, had, 3.We_(have, are having, had, were having) dinner when the were having) dinner when the doorbell rang.doorbell rang.4.While/ When/ As we_( have, 4.While/ When/ As we_( have, had, are having, were ha
26、ving) dinner, had, are having, were having) dinner, the doorbell rang.the doorbell rang.一般将来时一般将来时will,shallwill,shall+ +动词原形，其中动词原形，其中shallshall只用于第一人称。只用于第一人称。be going to +be going to +动动词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安词原形，表示主观打算，按计划，安排要发生的事情。排要发生的事情。 be to +be to +动词原形，动词原形，表示客观安排表示客观安排 be about to + be about to
27、 +不定式，不定式，意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。意为马上要做某事，正要做某事。某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如某些动词，可用进行时态表将来，如come, go, arrive, leavecome, go, arrive, leave。在时间状语。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般从句和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时将来时(will+(will+动词原形动词原形) )，从句中用一，从句中用一般现在时表将来。般现在时表将来。一般现在时可表一般现在时可表示按时间表发生的将来的动作示按时间表发生的将来的动作( (限限start, start, begin, arrive, end, cl
28、ose, leave-begin, arrive, end, close, leave-等表示等表示开始或移动意义的词开始或移动意义的词) )时间状语：时间状语：Tomorrow, next Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. after tomorrow, etc. ：主语：主语+am/is/are not going to +
29、am/is/are not going to do do ；主语；主语+will/shall not do+will/shall not do+其他其他 ：bebe放于句首；放于句首；will/shallwill/shall提提到句首。到句首。 e.g. She will be back in three days. e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. Will She be back in three days?
30、 Will She be back in three days? They are going to clean their classroom. They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom? Are they going to clean their classroom? 1 _you _a doc
31、tor when you grow up?1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?A Will; going to be B Are; going to be A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; beC Are; / D Will; be2 I dont know if his uncle _. I think he 2 I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain._ if it doesnt rain.A will
32、come; comes B will come; will come A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will comeC comes; comes D comes; will come3 He will be back _a few minutes. 3 He will be back _a few minutes. A with B for C on D inA with B for C on D in4 What time _we meet at the gate 4 What time
33、_we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D aretomorrow? A will B shall C do D are5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the 5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.work next week.A finishes B doesnt finish A finishes B doesnt finish C will finish D wont finishC will fin
34、ish D wont finish6 There _some showers this afternoon.6 There _some showers this afternoon. A will be B will have A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have C is going to be D are going to have 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. She _a party.She
35、 _a party.A is going to be; will have B will be; is having A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to beto be8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he 8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next ye
36、ar he _11. _11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 过去将来时过去将来时（would + would + 动词原形，或将来动词原形，或将来时的其它过去构成形式时的其它过去构成形式was going to was going to dodo）表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过表示以过去某一时间为参照，在过去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。去看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼在宾语从句及间接引语中，时态呼应，经常会用到过
37、去将来时。如应，经常会用到过去将来时。如I I thought it thought it was going to bewas going to be fun. fun. ：-soon/the next day-soon/the next day-that-clause(that-clause(名词性从句或上下文中名词性从句或上下文中-)-)1.I told my friend that I _ 1.I told my friend that I _ (should/ would arrive, shall/ will (should/ would arrive, shall/ will a
38、rrive) soon.arrive) soon.2.They looked at those clouds over 2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is going to rain, was the sky. It_(is going to rain, was going to rain).going to rain).3.They said that they _(are to 3.They said that they _(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the meet, w
39、ere to meet) at the gate the next day.next day.4.We _(are about to go, were 4.We _(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to about to go) out when it started to rain.rain.现在完成时现在完成时表示发生在过去，持续到现表示发生在过去，持续到现在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行在，可能刚刚结束也有可能继续进行下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，下去的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来，并对现在造成一定的影响或结
40、果。常并对现在造成一定的影响或结果。常与与since+since+过去时（间）过去时（间）, for+, for+一段时间一段时间连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动连用。表示与现在有联系的过去的动作。作。yet, already, just, never, yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+ever, so far, by now, since+时间点，时间点，for+for+时间段，时间段，recently, lately, in the past recently, lately, in the past few y
41、ears, etc. few years, etc. 主语主语+have/has +have/has +p.pp.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他 主语主语+have/has + not +have/has + not + +p.pp.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他 have/has+have/has+主语主语 + +p.pp.p（过去分词）（过去分词）+ +其他其他? ? 非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，非延续性动词在时间上没有延续性，常见的有常见的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, come, go, arrive, leave, begin
42、, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, killclose, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，这些等，这些动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。语连用。 但是，非延续性动词的否但是，非延续性动词的否定形式
43、可以表示状态的延续，可与定形式可以表示状态的延续，可与for/sincefor/since等时间状语连用。等时间状语连用。 有些同学错误地认有些同学错误地认为这类非延续性动词不为这类非延续性动词不能用于完成时态中。其能用于完成时态中。其实，错误的本质在于非实，错误的本质在于非延续性动词与时间段的延续性动词与时间段的错误搭配，与现在完成错误搭配，与现在完成时态无关。时态无关。 在在具体的语言环境中，往往会出具体的语言环境中，往往会出现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情现非延续性动词与时间段相连用的情况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直况。由于受汉语影响，往往错误地直译为：译为：He has fallen
44、 asleep for an hour.He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小时了。（他睡了一小时了。（）His father has died for three years.His father has died for three years.他父亲去世三年了。（他父亲去世三年了。（）当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以当出现这种情况时，我们往往采取以下解决方法：下解决方法：（1 1）将非延续性动词转化为相应的）将非延续性动词转化为相应的状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一状态动词。所谓状态动词就是指这一动作发生后接下来所呈现的状态。如：动作发生后接下来所呈
45、现的状态。如： He has been asleep for an hour. He has been asleep for an hour. （fall fall asleep,“asleep,“入睡入睡”为短暂动作，但为短暂动作，但be be asleep“asleep“睡着睡着”则为状态动词，可延则为状态动词，可延续。）续。） His father has been dead for three His father has been dead for three years.years.（diedie为短暂动词，为短暂动词，“死死”后的后的状态可用状态可用“be dead”“be de
46、ad”这种系表结构这种系表结构来描述，可延续。）来描述，可延续。） go therebe there, come backbe go therebe there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buy/catchhave, back, borrowkeep, buy/catchhave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe open, closebe closed, diebe dead, open, closebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe
47、away from, get upbe up, fall leavebe away from, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe marriedmarried，come be
48、 income be in，finish be finish be overover， leaver leaver be awaybe away have been to a placehave been to a place意思是意思是“到过、到过、去过去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；人不在那儿；have gone to a placehave gone to a place表表示示“去了去了”，已经去了某地，现在，已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。人可能在去的途中或已经到那儿了。1. 1. You have _ a tall young m
49、an. You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown upA grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2. He has _ the watch for a year. 2. He has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D hadA buy B bought C have D had3. Has your brother _ the dog? 3. Has your brother _ the dog?
50、 A kept in B fed C fed on D kept onA kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4. I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.4. I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have keptA borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5. Have you ever _to the Great
