1、英语句子成分英语句子成分及基本结构及基本结构 （一）句子成分的定义（一）句子成分的定义（二）（二）句子的具体成分句子的具体成分 主语主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问句（当主语不是是疑问词时）和倒装句疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表等表示。示。 5 Smoking
2、does harm to the health.（动名词） 6 The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）谓语谓语(predicate) 谓语说明主语所做的谓语说明主语所做的动作动作或具有的或具有的特征和状态特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的动词在句中作谓语，
3、一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表语表语(predicative) Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） Is it yours?（代词） T
4、he weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词） Three times seven is twenty one? （数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）宾语
5、(object) 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如为：某些及物动词（如make等等+宾语宾语+宾宾补）。宾补可由补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fres
6、h air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）定语定语(attributive) 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：分表示： Guilin is a
7、beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been work
8、ed out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）He is reading a book that he has never read.（定语从句）状语状语(adverbial) 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the n
9、ational college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下 How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.
10、（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediay.（结果状语） She works very hard though she
11、is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）同位语独立成分简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in c
12、lass4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.简单句的五种基本句型 1主语+不及物动词：( S V) We work. She came My head aches. The bell rang.2主语+系动词+表语(SVC)3主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO） e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew a beautifu
13、l picture.4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）(SVIOO)(SVOiO) e.g. My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car for me He gave me three yuan. -He gave three yuan to me5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor. I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk repaired
14、. 2) 并列句并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars. 3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句、定语从句、定语从句和状语从句和状语从句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall This is the book that I want. I think that he is right. 偶然 作者: 徐志摩 我是天空里的一片云，偶尔投影在你的波心你不必惊异，更无须欢喜在转瞬间消灭了踪影。你我相逢在黑夜的海上，你有你的，我有我的，方向;你记得也好，最好你忘掉，在这交会时互放的光亮。
