1、Lymphatic/Immune systemGang XINDepartment of Microbiology and I18923912518Smallpoxdeaths of an estimated 300 to 500 million peopleEdward Jenner1749-1823Father of ImmunologyIn 1796http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_JennerL. vaccinus, relating to a cow, vacca 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating pati
2、ents who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages. 1979.10.26The announcement by the WHO that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a program of vaccinationLouis Pasteur1822-1895The “Father” of the Modern MicrobiologyVaccines:1880, chicken cholera1881, anthr
3、ax1885, rabiesconsciouslyimmune systemWhat is it?Where is it?How does it work?What is immunity?immunitynImmune systemnImmune responsenImmunologynImmunologistnImmunodeficiencynImmunocompromised nIMMUNITY IMMUNIS (EXEMPT)Latin: Protection from legal prosecutionNow, in medical terms: free of disease.Bu
4、bble boyDavid Vetter(19711984)http:/www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bubble/peopleevents/p_vetter.html severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) InfectionLymphoma congenital immunodeficiencypresent at birthHIV and AIDSnHIV - human immunodeficiency virusnAIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndromeARC: AIDS-related
5、 complexARC is A prodromal phase of effects phase of infection with HIV. Symptoms can include recurring fever, unexplained weight loss, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea, or fungal infection of the mouth. Candida infectionsOpportunity Infection and CancernFungal, bacterial, viral and protozoal infectio
6、nnThe most frequent opportunistic tumour, Kaposis sarcoma, is observed in 20% of patients with AIDS.nMalignant lymphomas are also frequently seen in AIDS patients.Kaposis sarcomaKaposis sarcomaKaposis sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient. lymphomaFunctions of Immune systemnimmune defence defense a
7、gaist infectious diseasesnimmune surveillancekill cancer cells nimmune homeostasis maintain internal equilibrium Where is immune system?OrgansCellsMolecules Immune organsCentral immune organsnThe site of generation, differentiation and maturation of lymphocytesnincludingbone marrowthymusBone marrowH
8、ematopoietic stem cellMyeloid progenitorLymphoid progenitorFunctions: The site of generation of all circulating blood cells The site of B cell maturationhemo- + G. poisis, a making ThymusLocated between the breast bone and heart.Function: T cell educationPeripheral immune organs and tissuesnThe site
9、 where lymphocytes are resident and response to foreign antigensLymph nodesSpleenMALT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)SALT Lymph nodesnLymph nodes - Small bean-shaped glandsnLymph - fluid within lymphatic vesselsnLymphatic vessel - nLymphatic vessel - Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph no
10、de are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct.Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as i
11、t passes through systemReturns it to circulatory system Lymph nodesnMajor groups of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils, armpits, neck, groin and mediastinum.Functions :nFilter harmful substances from the tissuesnJohn, 15/Mntooth aches in left side of facenone day later neck also started to hurt
12、(only on the left side) nafter taking the penicillin for 2 days, tooth has for the most part stopped hurting and face doesnt ache nearly as much his neck seems more swollen.a tooth abscess and lymph nodes were swollenimmune system is working over time fighting the abscess Sites for Lymph Nodes NameL
13、ocationDrains fluid fromAxillary ArmpitsArmsCervical NeckHead and neckInguinal GroinLegs and pelvisMediastinal ChestWithin chest cavitySpleennin the upper left abdomenFunctions: nmajor site of immune response to blood-borne antigens nFilters out and destroys old red blood cells, recycling the ironMA
14、LT (mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue)Tonsil（扁桃体）（扁桃体）, Peyers patch（派氏（派氏集合淋巴结）集合淋巴结）, appendix（阑尾）（阑尾）GALT (Gut) NALT (nasal) BALT (bronchial)Functions: Local immune response Secretory IgA (sIgA)Immune cellsHematopoietic stem cellMyeloid progenitorLymphoid progenitorLympoid: T lymphocyte; B lymph
15、ocyte; Natural killer cellMyeloid: neutrophil; basophil; eosinophil; monocyte; red blood cellNeutrophil Also called polymorphonulcear (PMN) leukocyte. The most abundant population of circulating WBCs and the earliest phagocytic cells to appear in the bacterial infection Functions: phagocytosis, intr
16、acellular killing, inflammation and tissue damage.Neutrophils phagocytosisMonocytes and macrophages After entering into tissue, monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages. Play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity, and are important effector cells for the elimination of microbes. Funct
17、ions: phagocytosis, intracellular and extra-cellular killing, tissue repair, antigen presentationMonocytes and macrophagesmacrophagesEosinophils cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by eosin or other acid dyes. associated with parasitic infection and allergic reactions.Basophils cytoplasmic
18、granules that are easily stained by basic dyes. associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions.T and B Lymphocytes Natural Killer (NK) cellsnalso known as large granular lymphocytes (LGL)nkill infected and malignant cellsMolecules nAntibody nComplements nCytokines Antibody & Immunoglobu
19、linPlasma cellNeutralizationClasses of IgnIgG; IgA; IgM; IgE; IgDComplement systemcytokinesecreted proteins that work as mediators of immune andinflammatory reactions. Cytokines provide a mechanism for cells of the immune system to “talk” to one another to coordinate a responseHow does the immune sy
20、stem work?Innate and adaptive immunityFirst line of defense (nonspecific)second line of defenseinnate immunitynBarriers The skin is an important physical barrier that protects the entire body from external pathogens. The acid in the stomach serves as a natural killer or destroyer of pathogens that e
21、nter the digestive tract.ucirculating cells (phagocytes，NK cells)ublood proteins and cytokinesInnate and adaptive immunityAdaptive immunity 3 Phases, 2 TypesnSpecific nacquired57 Recognition Activation EffectorHumoral immunityCell-mediated immunityInnate and Adaptive ImmunityDose 1Dose 2: 1 monthDos
22、e 3: 6 monthsHBV vaccine: 61The primary immune responseFour phases of the primary response na lag phase where no antibody is detectedna log phase in which the antibody titer rises logarithmicallyna plateau phase during which the antibody titer stabilizesna phase (decline) during which the antibody i
23、s clearedComparison of Primary and Secondary ResponsesHighaffinity63Primary and Secondary Responses differ significantlyThe properties of the primary and secondary antibody responses differ. nThe primary response has a long lag period, a logarithmic rise in antibody formation, a short plateau, and t
24、hen a decline. IgM is the first antibody class produced, followed by a gradual switch to other classes, such as IgG. nThe secondary response has a shorter lag time, a more rapid logarithmic phase, a longer plateau phase, and a slower decline than the primary response. Mostly IgG and other isotypes a
25、re produced in the secondary response rather than IgM, and the average affinity of antibody produced is higher.Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease. Artificial: contrived by art rather than nature Artificial / natural immunizationPassive/active immunitynPassive immunity Results whe
26、n a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animalnActive immunity Develops immunity following direct exposure to pathogennlocal treatment of the woundnvaccination nadministration of rabies immunoglobulinpost-exposure prophylaxisLymphatic systemLymphatic and immune systemn
27、Lymphatic SystemNetwork of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid, cleanses it, and returns it to circulatory systemPicks up fats absorbed by digestive systemnImmune SystemFights disease and infections Lymphatic systemnThe lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, ly
28、mphatic organs and lymph.nThe major (encapsulated) lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes. Anatomy and PhysiologynFirst, removes excess tissue fluidCollects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through systemReturns it to circulatory system Anatomy and PhysiologynSecond, lymph
29、vessels around the small intestine assist with fat absorptionPicks up absorbed fats Delivers to circulatory systemThese lymph vessels are called lacteals (乳糜管)Anatomy and PhysiologynThird, lymphatic and immune systems work togetherForm a group of cells, tissues, organs, & moleculesDefense against pa
30、thogensuIncluding foreign invaders and own cells that have become diseasedLymphatic & Immune Combining Formsnadenoid/oadenoidsnimmun/oprotectionnlymph/olymphnlymphaden/o lymph nodenlymphangi/o lymph vesselLymphatic & Immune Combining Formsnpath/odiseasensplen/ospleennthym/othymusntonsill/otonsilsnto
31、x/opoison n-globulinglobal proteinWord Building with adenoid/o & immun/oectomyadenoidectomy surgical removal of adenoidsitisadenoiditisinflammation of adenoidslogistimmunologistimmunity specialistlymphadenectomysurgical removal of a lymph node; done to test for malignancy or metastasisLymphatic & Im
32、mune Vocabularyallergenantigen causing an allergic reactionallergistphysician who specializes in testing for and treating allergiesallergyhypersensitivity to a common substanceautoimmune diseasedisease resulting from immune system attacking its own body is if a pathogen; examples include rheumatoid
33、arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosusLymphatic & Immune Vocabularyhivesappearance of wheals as part of allergic reactionhuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)virus that causes AIDS; known as a retrovirusimmunocompromisedimmune system that does not function properly; also called immunodeficiency dis
34、orderimmunoglobulinsantibodies; assist in protecting the bodyLymphatic & Immune Vocabularyimmunologybranch of medicine concerned with treating immune system disordersinflammationtissues response to injury; redness, pain, swelling, and feeling hot to touchlymphedemaexcessive tissue fluid due to block
35、ed lymphatic flowurticariasevere itching associated with hivesLymphatic and Immune AbbreviationsAIDSacquired immunodeficiency syndromeARCAIDS-related complexELISAenzyme-linked immunosorbent assayGVHDgraft vs. host diseaseHDHodgkins diseaseHIVhuman immunodeficiency virusLymphatic & Immune AbbreviationsIgimmunoglobulinKSKaposis sarcomamonomononucleosisNHLnon-Hodgkins lymphomaNKnatural killer cellsPCPPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaSCIDsevere combined immunodeficiency syndrome个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论！
