1、第 一 讲MAIN CONTENTS 1. 核心词汇核心词汇 2. 句子控 3. Have a trygenerous adj. 教材教材P P34原句原句 He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful. 他不吝啬自己的时间，我为此非常感谢。他不吝啬自己的时间，我为此非常感谢。be generous with sth. 不吝啬某物be generous to sb. 对某人慷慨大方It is/was generous of sb to do sth. 某人做某事真是慷慨大度慷慨的；大方的；宽厚的；仁慈的反义词： mean gen
2、erosity n. 慷慨；大方；mean v. 意味着； 意欲adj. 吝啬的； 自私的； 卑鄙的；mean doing sth. 意味着做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事had meant to do sth. 本打算做某事而没有做be very mean with money 对钱十分吝啬be mean to sb. 对某人刻薄 教材教材P P33原句原句 A great person is someone who devotes his/ her life to helping others. 伟人就是某个致力于用他伟人就是某个致力于用他/ /她的生命帮助他人的人。她的生
3、命帮助他人的人。 devote vt. ( (与与toto连用连用) ) 献身；专心于献身；专心于devote ones life / time / energy / attention. to (doing) sth. 花费生命花费生命/ /时间时间/ /精力精力/ /注意力注意力.致力于致力于（做）某事上（做）某事上”devote oneself to (doing) sth. 献身于；专心于献身于；专心于 devoted adj. 忠实的；深爱的；忠实的；深爱的； be devoted to 对对.热爱热爱/ /投入投入类似于类似于devote . to . devote . to .
4、结构中结构中toto为介词的词组还有：为介词的词组还有：look forward to stick to lead to turn tobe related to refer to pay attention to期待；盼望期待；盼望坚持坚持导致导致注意到注意到与与有关有关提到；指的是提到；指的是翻到；翻到； 求助于求助于The idea for the new machine came to Mr Baker to his invention. A. while he was devoted B. while devotingC. while devoting himself D. whil
5、e devoted即学即用A12 guidance n. 指导；领导；引导；导航指导；领导；引导；导航guidance on / about sth. 关于某事的指导under sbs guidance 在某人的引导之下3 教材教材P P34原句原句 He offered guidance to poor black people on their legal problems. 他为穷苦的黑人提供有关法律问题的指导。他为穷苦的黑人提供有关法律问题的指导。guide v. 带领；引导 n. 向导；导游；指南be active in = take an active part in 积极参与积极
6、参与; 在在活跃活跃Everyone of us is active in technical innovation. 我们每个人都积极参加技术革新.He asked all concerned to take an active part in helping the girl. 他要求所有相关的人积极帮助那个女孩。【拓展拓展】take action to do sth. 对采取行动act n. & v. 行为，举动，行动 action n. 行为，做法activity n. 活动 actor/ actress n. 男/女演员用act的适当形式填空(1)He takes an _ part
7、 in the fighting against pollution and takes a firm and effective _ to prevent pollution. (2)He is always _ in outofclass _ every day. active active activities action 即学即用attack. with . attack. for (doing) sth. 教材教材P P34原句原句 We chose to attack the laws. 我们选择向法律进攻。我们选择向法律进攻。attack v. 进攻；攻击；抨击进攻；攻击；抨击
8、 n. 攻击；袭击；抨击；突然发作攻击；袭击；抨击；突然发作用用.攻击攻击因（做）某事抨击因（做）某事抨击.attack on 袭击袭击.; .; 抨击抨击.be / come under attack 遭到袭击遭到袭击/ /抨击抨击 教材教材P P3434原句原句 But I was happy to help because I knew it would help us achieve our dream of making black and white people equal.但是，我乐于帮忙，因为我知道，这是为了实现我们黑人和但是，我乐于帮忙，因为我知道，这是为了实现我们黑人和
9、白人平等的梦想。白人平等的梦想。12 equal /i:kwl/ adj. 平等的；相等的平等的；相等的 v. 等于；比得上；与等于；比得上；与相匹敌相匹敌 n. 同等的人或物同等的人或物be equal to 与与相等，相当于某事物相等，相当于某事物 be equal to (doing) sth. 能胜任；能够做能胜任；能够做equal in size / length 在尺寸在尺寸 / / 长度长度.差不多差不多All men are born _and we must enjoy _ rights andchances in everything.A. fair; same B. si
10、milar; fair C. equal; equal D. fairly; equal C即学即用be equal to 与.相等be equal with 与.平等out of work 失业失业, , 没有工作没有工作, ,出问题出问题 教材教材P P34原句原句 and I worried about whether I would become out of work. 我很担心我是不是会失业。我很担心我是不是会失业。out of 常有常有“出于，由于；缺乏，没有；放弃，丧失；越出于，由于；缺乏，没有；放弃，丧失；越出出.之外之外”等意义。反义词为等意义。反义词为into或或in。o
11、ut of question 毫无疑问 out of sight 看不见out of order 出故障；有毛病 out of reach 够不到，够不着out of patience 不耐烦 out of breath 上气不接下气拓展拓展lose heart 丧失勇气或信心丧失勇气或信心As long as you dont lose heart， you will succeed. 只要不灰心，你会成功的。 turn to (prep.) We have to turn to some bigger companies for technical help. 我们不得不向一些更大的公司寻
12、求我们不得不向一些更大的公司寻求技术援助技术援助 教材教材P P35原句原句 Why did Nelson Mandela turn to violence to make black and white people equal? 为什么纳尔逊为什么纳尔逊曼德拉为了使黑人和白曼德拉为了使黑人和白人平等而求助于暴力？人平等而求助于暴力？【拓展拓展】turn against 背叛 turn in 上交；交还turn .into .(使)成为turn off 关掉(水、电、煤气等)turn on 打开(水、电 煤气等)turn over (使)打翻/翻身/移交turn up 开大；出现；找到tur
13、n down (音量)关小；拒绝turn out 证明是；结果是 When _ great trouble, you should learn to make the quick choice without someone to turn _ for advice.A. in; down B. in; to C. into; up D. under; to即学即用【解析解析】选B。 句意：当处于麻烦中时，你应该学会在没有人可以求助时做出迅速的选择。in trouble处在困难中；turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请求某物/事。Bfight for 为为而斗争而斗争; 努力争取努
14、力争取 fight against 与与作斗争作斗争fight with 和和并肩作战，和并肩作战，和打仗打仗/打架打架/斗争斗争Hes ready to fight for the honour of his country. 他随时准备为祖国的荣誉而战斗。他随时准备为祖国的荣誉而战斗。He was brave enough to fight against the robber. 他非常勇敢，敢于同盗贼搏斗。他非常勇敢，敢于同盗贼搏斗。He was always fighting with his neighbors about the noise. 他常常为了噪音和邻居们争吵。他常常为了
15、噪音和邻居们争吵。vote v. n. 教材教材P P34原句原句 Black people could not vote or choose their leaders. 当时黑人没有选举权，他们无法选择他们的领导人。当时黑人没有选举权，他们无法选择他们的领导人。vote.down 投票否决；投票击败投票否决；投票击败vote in 投票选出；选举投票选出；选举put.to the vote 将将.付诸表决付诸表决 vote through 表决通过表决通过take/have a vote on 对对.进行表决进行表决 vote for/against 投票赞成投票赞成/反对反对 as a
16、matter of fact 事实上事实上 教材教材P P34原句原句 As a matter of fact, I do not like violence 事实上，我并不喜欢暴力，事实上，我并不喜欢暴力，in fact; in reality; actually 实际上，事实上实际上，事实上Actually I have been teaching history for five years. 实际上我教历史已有五年之久了。In reality, things always happen out of expectation. 现实中，事情总是出乎意料地发生。拓展拓展Have you a
17、lways lived here?No, _. Ive only lived here for the last three years. A.as usual B. as a matter of fact C. whats more D. for example即学即用【解析】【解析】句意：你一直住在这里吗？ 不是，事实上。我仅过去的三年住在这里。A项“通常，往常”， B项“事实上”，C项“另外”，D项“例如”。选B。blow up 教材教材P P34原句原句 but in 1963 I helped him blow up some government buildings. 但是在但是在
18、19631963年的时候，我帮助他炸毁了一些政府大楼。年的时候，我帮助他炸毁了一些政府大楼。 blow away 刮走，吹走刮走，吹走 blow down (风风) 刮倒刮倒 blow off 吹掉；将（热水、蒸气等）放出吹掉；将（热水、蒸气等）放出 blow out 吹熄；（电线）烧断吹熄；（电线）烧断 blow over (暴风雨等暴风雨等)吹散，刮倒；（坏天气）大风平息吹散，刮倒；（坏天气）大风平息拓展拓展They _ the old bridge and then built a new one across the river. A. blew up B. blew down C.
19、blew away D. blew off 即学即用【解析】【解析】选A。句意：他们炸毁了那座旧桥，然后在河上建了座新桥。A项“爆炸”；B项“(风) 刮倒 ”；C项“刮走，吹走”；D项“吹掉；将（热水、蒸气等）放出”。 in trouble 在危险在危险/ /受罚受罚/ /忧虑的处境中忧虑的处境中 教材教材P P35原句原句 Elias went to see Nelson Mandela when he was in trouble. 当他处于麻烦中时，伊莱亚斯去见纳尔逊当他处于麻烦中时，伊莱亚斯去见纳尔逊曼德拉。曼德拉。take trouble to do sth. 费心做某事费心做某事g
20、et into trouble 遇到麻烦遇到麻烦have trouble/ difficulty (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难做某事有困难拓展拓展Im in troubleEven an experienced climber can to reach the summit. A. get into trouble B. make trouble C. ask for trouble D. take trouble over即学即用【解析】【解析】选A。句意：即使是一个很有经验的登山者，想要到达顶峰也有可能遇到困难。句中的can表示“有可能”。get into trouble
21、陷入困境，因做某事而招致惩罚，危险等；make trouble 引起麻烦；ask for trouble 自找麻烦，自讨苦吃；take trouble over sth. 在某事上费心思。 die from 死于（外因）死于（外因） die of 死于（内因死于（内因 如：饥饿，寒冷，疾病等）如：饥饿，寒冷，疾病等） die for 为为而死而死It is said that many people die from smoking everyday. 据说每天都有不少人因吸烟致死。I felt as though I should die of hunger. 我觉得我要饿死了。He wou
22、ld rather die for his belief. 他宁愿为他的信仰而死。 1. “ The last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress, until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.” P34过去三十年里出现了大量法律来剥夺我们的权利, 阻挡我们的进步,一直到今天，我们还处于几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。主语主语宾语宾语宾语补足语宾语补足语状语从句状语从
23、句定语从句定语从句see 在此句意为在此句意为“见证，目睹见证，目睹”；( (在某段时期在某段时期) )发生发生( (某情况某情况),),经历经历, ,经受经受; ; 为某事发生之时，主语为时间。为某事发生之时，主语为时间。主语是表示时间的词或短语，主语是表示时间的词或短语，see 为.发生的时间；主语是表示地点的词或短语，主语是表示地点的词或短语，see 为.发生的地点。某些动词(see, find, witness等) 主语有时不是人而是物, 即拟人用法, 使句子生动。 This old house has seen good days.这座老房子目睹了那些好日子。这座老房子目睹了那些好日
24、子。 Dusk found a boy crying in the street.黄黄昏时一个小男孩在街边哭。昏时一个小男孩在街边哭。 Oct 1,1949 saw/ witnessed the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China.19491949年年1010月月1 1日见证了中华人民共和国的成立。日见证了中华人民共和国的成立。感官动词（短语）可用于“感官动词+宾语+宾补”结构；常用的感官动词有：feel, listen to /hear, look at /see / watch /notice等。 后接不带to的不定式作宾补，强调动作的整
25、个过程 或动作经常发生； 后接现在分词作宾补，强调动作正在进行； 后接过去分词作宾补，表示跟宾语之间是逻辑上的被动关系。2. only then did we decide to answer violence with violence. P34 只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。Only in this way can you solve the problem, I think.Only recently have I allowed myself to think of that again.Only when we studied the data did we realiz
26、e the mistakes.“only + 状语状语”提至提至句首句首以示强调时以示强调时，句子谓语，句子谓语部分倒装部分倒装，即即将将助动词助动词，情态动词情态动词和和bebe动词动词置于主语之前。置于主语之前。注意：注意：only only 放在句首修饰主语时，在强调句中时不倒装。放在句首修饰主语时，在强调句中时不倒装。1.You can learn from your mistakes only in this way.Only in this way _ from your mistakes. can you learn2.He was able to get happily bac
27、k to work only when the war was over in 1918. Only when the war was over in 1918, _get happily back to work. was he able to3. Only some students got the answer.（不倒装）（不倒装）第 二 讲MAIN CONTENTS 1. 核心词汇核心词汇 2. 句子控 3. Grammar 4. Have a tryreward /rIw:d/ n. vt. in(as a) reward (for) 作为作为(对对.的的)报酬、报答报酬、报答 gi
28、ve a reward to sb. for sth. 为为.给某人报酬给某人报酬 reward sb. for (doing) sth.因因.报答、奖赏某报答、奖赏某 reward sb. with sth. 用用.报答、奖赏某人报答、奖赏某人 教材教材P P36原句原句 They said that the job and the pay from the new South African government were my reward after working all my life for equal rithts for the Blacks.几天之后，大多数已经被破坏了的建
29、筑被修缮了。1. 他工作很辛苦，报酬却很少，这不公平。It is unfair that he gets very little _his hard work.2. 他因为良好的服务而获得奖励。He was _ his good service. 3. 你就这样报答我对你的帮助吗?Is this how you _ helping/my help? 4. 他因学习成绩优秀而受到学校的奖赏。The school _a prize for excellence in his studies. 即学即用in reward for given a reward forreward me forrewa
30、rded him with adviseadvise sb. on sth. 就给某人出主意advise +n./pron. 建议advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做advise (ones) doing sth. 建议（某人）做advise + (that) sb. (should) do 建议某人应该做某事Let me _ technical matters. 我来向你提供有关技术问题的意见。What would you _ to settle the differences? 你看我怎么来消除分歧?advise you onadvise me to dobe free
31、from/of 不受不受伤害、影响，免于伤害、影响，免于He is free from any sense of responsibility.他丝毫没有责任感。set off 出发，动身出发，动身 set up 设立，建立；设置，竖起设立，建立；设置，竖起set out 陈列，摆出；开始陈列，摆出；开始 （set out to do sth.） The sun was on the horizon when we_. 我们出发时，太阳正在地平线上。The new theory was _by a young scientist. 这个新理论是一位年轻科学家提出来的。We_ to find t
32、he truth behind the mystery. 我们开始着手揭开谜团背后的真相。 set offset up set out即学即用 escape from. 从从.中逃脱中逃脱escape (doing) sth. 逃避（做）某事逃避（做）某事 教材教材P P38原句原句 It was a prison from which no one escaped. 那是一座任何人都逃不出去的监狱。 注意：注意： escapeescape作动词时，后面作动词时，后面可跟名词、代词、动名词可跟名词、代词、动名词( (多用被动形式多用被动形式being+being+过去分词过去分词) )作宾语，
33、作宾语，不跟不定式不跟不定式。have a narrow escape 恐吓某人做某事恐吓某人做某事come to power 掌权；当权；上台掌权；当权；上台power n. 能力；力量；权力；电力；能力；力量；权力；电力；powerful adj. 有权势的；强壮的有权势的；强壮的powered adj. 电动的电动的powerless adj. 无权力的；无能为力的无权力的；无能为力的 教材教材P P38原句原句 I did not work again for twenty years until Mr Mandela and the ANC came to power in 1994
34、. 在曼德拉先生和非洲人国民大会于1994年掌权之前，我有20年都没有工作。 教材P39原句 sentenced to five years hard labour for encouraging violence against antiblack laws. 因为鼓励暴力反抗反黑人法被判处五年的苦力劳动。sentence sb to sth 判处某人be sentenced to （death） 被判（死）刑sentence v. 判决；宣判；判刑判决；宣判；判刑 n. 句子；判决；宣判句子；判决；宣判face a sentence 面临判刑give/receive a sentence
35、获刑；被判刑worry about 担忧担忧 lose heart 灰心丧气灰心丧气 beg for 乞求乞求 fall ill 生病生病 be willing to 愿意愿意 break the law 犯法犯法 find out 查清楚，弄明白查清楚，弄明白 stopfrom 阻止阻止做做 achieve ones dream 实现梦想实现梦想 be hopeful about 对对充满希望充满希望 should have done 本应做某事而未做本应做某事而未做 putin prison 把把投进监狱投进监狱 one of + （the +形容词最高级形容词最高级+）名词复数）名词复数
36、1 1. Although I was not as successful as Nelson Mandela, many people remember me as one of the first active black fighters for human rights in South Africa. P P3636很多孩子的父母在地震中丧生了，这些孩子被送往其他城市的家庭里生活。 remember sb as / for. 某人因.而著名 常用于被动结构： sb be remembered as/for.This/That/It is/was +the first time + t
37、hat 从句从句2 2. I felt bad the first time I talked to a group. P P38 38 第一次给旅行团进行讲解时，我感觉很糟糕。the first time 从属连词, 也可引导时间状语从句for the first time 是介词短语充当状语is have/has donewashad donefor the first time 是介词短语充当状语1. 用于推测过去已经发生的情况用于推测过去已经发生的情况 “应该应该.”2. 表示过去应该做的事却没做表示过去应该做的事却没做 “本应该本应该.却却.”3. 用来谈论与预期不符的事实，表惊讶的
38、情绪用来谈论与预期不符的事实，表惊讶的情绪 “竟然竟然”3 3. He tought us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when we should have been asleep. P P3838他在午休时间以及晚上本来该睡觉的时间教我们学习。 should have done (1) 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常由“介词which/whom”引导；关系副词有时也可以被此结构代替。Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine _ you asked for.Tomorrow I will
39、bring here the magazine _ _ you asked.whichwhichforThe classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom _ _ _ _ is broken will soon be repaired.(2) 关系词whose常用“the名词of which/whom”或“of which/whomthe名词”结构来代替。thedoorofwhich(3) “介词which/whom”前可有some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，f
40、ew等代词或数词，表示部分与整体的关系。1) He loves his parents deeply，both _are very kind to him.2) In the basket there are quite many apples，some_ have gone bad.of whom of which注意：注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for，look after，take care of等。This is the watch for which I am looking. （）This is the watch which I am lookin
41、g for.2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that。The man with who you talked is my friend.（） The man with whom you talked is my friend.Have a try!典例精讲典例精讲1. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 解
42、析：解析：先行词是town；从句中缺grew up的地点状语in the town，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。B2. _ has already been pointed out, grammar is not a set of dead rules. A. As B. It C. That D. Which A解析：as引导非限制性定语从句，位置可前，可中，可后；as代主句整句话的意思，译作“正如”3. Rome is a place _.A. where I want to visit B. what I want to visit C. which I want to vis
43、it it D. I want to visit解析：先行词是place；从句中缺visit的宾语，所以应用关系代词which 或that引导定语从句，而关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。D4. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which解析：way表“方式”，后跟定语从句表示某人做某事的方式时，引导词可以是that或in which，还可以省略。A5. Great changes have taken place in that schoo
44、l. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped.A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. when; that 解析：“what it was 20 years ago”是is的表语从句，意为“它二十年前的样子”；“when it was so poorly equipped”是定语从句修饰20 years ago。A6. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto
45、one of the trees.A. which B. when C. where D. that 解析：先行词是garden；从句中缺地点状语in the garden，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。C7. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 解析：先行词是chairs；从句中缺park的地点状语in the chairs，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。D8. The
46、 place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _the crossriver traffic is the heaviest.A. where; where B. which; where C. where; that D. that; that解析：“where the bridge is supposed to be built”是定语从句修饰先行词place；“where the crossriver traffic is the heaviest”是be的表语从句，意为“过河交通最拥挤的地方”。A9. Is that the
47、 small town you often refer to? Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years.A. that B. where C. which D. what解析：先行词是one，代词代town；从句中缺work的地点状语in the town，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。B10. Is this the factory _ colour TV sets are produced?A. where B. that C. the one D. / 解析：把主句还原成陈述句“This is the fac
48、tory”，可见主句完整，故后面是定语从句修饰先行词factory，从句中缺are produced的地点状语in the factory，所以用关系副词where引导定语从句。A11. I failed in the final examination last term and only then _ the importance of studies. A. I realized B. I had realizedC. had I realized D. did I realize【解析】 句意：在上学期的期末考试中我失败了，直到那时侯我才意识到学习的重要性。only then位于句首时
49、句子用倒装结构，realize的动作在fail之后发生，故选D 。D课堂练习课堂练习1. 那天，曼德拉告诉我该怎么做并且还帮我的忙，这是我一生中最高兴的日子。The day _ Nelson Mandela told me_ and helped me was one of the happiest days of my life.whenwhat to do2. 过去30年来所出现的大量法律剥夺我们的权利，阻挡我们的进步，一直到今天，我们还处在几乎什么权利都没有的阶段。The last thirty years _ _ the greatest number of laws stopping
50、 our rights and progress until today we have reached a stage _ we have almost no rights at all.have seenwhereWe were put in a position _ _ we had _ to accept we were less important, _ fight the government.Only then _ _ decide to _ violence with violence.3. 只有到这个时候，我们才决定用暴力反抗暴力。didweanswer4. 我们被置于这样一
