1、Period 3 Discovering Useful Structures1. 先行词: 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2. 关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。3. 关系词通常有下列三个作用: (1)引导定语从句; (2)代替先行词; (3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。4. 关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语; 关系副词在从句中作状语。先行词先行词关系词关系词关系词的分类关系词的分类根据根据关系词在从句中是否充当基本成分关系词在从句中是否充当基本成分可将关系词可将关系词分为分为关系代词关系代词和和关系副词关系副词。关系词关系词关系关系代词代词代人who whom whosethat主宾表
2、宾语定语主宾表代物whichwhosethat主宾表定语主宾表关系关系副词副词时间when作状语状语，不作基本成分。地点 where原因Whywho, whom, that,whose,which 用法区别用法区别. who先行词先行词是人是人作定语从句的作定语从句的主语或宾语主语或宾语,作宾语作宾语可省略可省略. The man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.The man is a worker.The man is speaking at the meeting.分解分解who作主语作主语 whom 先行词先行词是人，是人，作定语从
3、句的作定语从句的宾语宾语, ,作宾语可作宾语可省省略略. . The woman （whom） they wanted to visit is a teacher.The woman is a teacher.They wanted to visit the woman.分解分解whom作宾语作宾语关系代词在定语从句中作关系代词在定语从句中作宾语宾语that先行词可以是先行词可以是人或物，人或物，可以作定语从句的可以作定语从句的主主语和宾语语和宾语,作宾语可省略作宾语可省略.The man that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.that作从句的
4、主语作从句的主语 whose 先行词先行词是人或物，是人或物，作定语从句的作定语从句的定语。定语。 The woman whose hair is red is a teacher.The woman is a teacher.The womans hair is red.分解分解whose作定语作定语例例4: The question_ is about grammar.(that/which)例例3: The car_ is red was damaged yesterday.that/which指物指物: that/which (主语主语)例例5：Yesterday she talked
5、 with one woman _ husband died in that accident. A. which B. whose C. of which D. thatB关系代词表示先行词的所属关系，指关系代词表示先行词的所属关系，指人和物时都用人和物时都用whose,可理解为可理解为“的的”关系代词和关系副词的区别关系代词和关系副词的区别定语从句中关系代词和关系副词定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法的判断方法: : 用法用法依据依据根据从句的谓根据从句的谓语动词语动词根据关系词在根据关系词在从句中作的成从句中作的成分分若是及物动词若是及物动词, , 后面若无宾语后面若无宾语, , 用
6、关系代词用关系代词; ; 若是不及物动词若是不及物动词, , 则用关系副词则用关系副词把关系词放进定语从句中把关系词放进定语从句中, , 若若作主语或宾语用关系代词作主语或宾语用关系代词; ; 若若作状语用关系副词作状语用关系副词是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。切，书写时不可用逗号分开。Do you know the girl who walked into the museum?你认识那个你认识那个走进博
7、物馆走进博物馆的女孩吗？的女孩吗？(若把从句去掉，则不明白是哪个女孩若把从句去掉，则不明白是哪个女孩)The old woman，who lives on her own，has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。(若把从句去掉，仍然知道是哪个老妇人若把从句去掉，仍然知道是哪个老妇人)一、只用一、只用that不用不用which的情况的情况1先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时。Do you h
8、ave anything that you want to say about the painting?关于那幅画你有什么要说的吗？2先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only，the very (恰恰，正好)，the last，all，no，few，little，any等修饰时。This is one of the most exciting movie that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的电影之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。3先行词既有人又有物时。The scient
9、ist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就为我们所有人所钦佩。4当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be.北京不再是过去的那座城市了。5当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。Who is the person that is standing in front of the temple?站在寺庙门口的那个人是谁？二、只用二、只用which不用不用that的
10、情况的情况1引导非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句。Jenny was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.珍妮珍妮对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然使其他的儿子很嫉妒她的对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然使其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。小儿子。 2关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。This is the house in which the famous artist
11、 once lived.这是这是那位著名的艺术家那位著名的艺术家曾住过的房子。曾住过的房子。3引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样，这令人很失望。结果与当初预料的不一样，这令人很失望。三、三、 宜用宜用who不宜用不宜用that的情况的情况1当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，
12、anyone nobody等等。Anyone who letters in the cultural sites should be punished.任何在文物景点刻字的人都应当受到惩罚任何在文物景点刻字的人都应当受到惩罚。2当先行词是当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词时等人称代词时(常用于谚语中常用于谚语中)。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。不到长城非好汉。3当先行词为指人当先行词为指人的的 these; those时。时。Those who have good manners will
13、be highly respected.那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。那些有礼貌的人会受到人们的高度尊重。4在在there be结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。There is a young man who wants to see you.有一个年轻人想见你有一个年轻人想见你。5. 当先行词为当先行词为people或是表示人的集体名词时；或是表示人的集体名词时；People who work hard are always fortunate.6.非非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句中中He has a sister, who is a teacher.四、关
14、系代词作介词的宾语四、关系代词作介词的宾语关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更关系代词作介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成加紧凑，可以将从句中的介词提到关系代词前，形成“介词介词关系代词关系代词”结构。该结构中的关系代词可用结构。该结构中的关系代词可用which，whom或或whose。介词的选用介词的选用(1)根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定。根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。之间有一定的联系。
15、Do you still remember the days during which we spent the holiday in the ancient city?你还记得我们一起你还记得我们一起在古城度假的在古城度假的那些日子吗？那些日子吗？2. Do you know anyone can solve this problem?3. I admire those are honest, brave, diligent.4. They are audience are invited to watch this play.5. He is the best man Ive ever k
16、nown. 6.He is always the last one_ leaves the dormitory.7.She is always the last one_ goes back to the dormitory。whowhothat/whowhowhowho(2)根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词。根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定介词。该动词或形容词常与某些介词构成固定搭配。该动词或形容词常与某些介词构成固定搭配。The social problem about which the two sides are debating with each other is a
17、very serious one.(debate with sb.about.就就与某人展开辩论与某人展开辩论)双方正在展开辩论的社会问题是很严重的一个问题。双方正在展开辩论的社会问题是很严重的一个问题。关系代词作间接宾语时，用关系代词作间接宾语时，用to或或for。The girl that Tom gave the dictionary to is very pretty.汤姆给她字典的那个姑娘很可爱。汤姆给她字典的那个姑娘很可爱。I know the boy whom you bought a white hat for.我认识你给他买白帽子那个男孩。我认识你给他买白帽子那个男孩。(3)
18、根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词也不是固定的动词短语。这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。Water is of great importance，without which people can not live.水是很重要的，没有它人们就无法生存。This is the book about which you have talked to me.这是你曾经给我谈起的那本书。This is the book on the cover of which there is a map of China.这是封面上有张中国地图的那本书。Look a
19、t the sentences below and underline Look at the sentences below and underline the relative pronouns and adverbs.the relative pronouns and adverbs.After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem, and citizens who lived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help.T
20、emples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water.Find more sentences containing relative Find more sentences containing relative clauses from the text on page 4.clauses from the text on page 4.Th
21、ere comes a time when the old must give way to the new.Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypts cultural heritage.Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO, which runs a programme that prevents world cultural herit
22、age sites around the world from disappearing.Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past,1. He showed me a photo in his room. It was a photo of a famous cultural relic in Egypt.The photo that/which he showed me in his room was a photo of a famou
23、s cultural relic in Egypt.I have downloaded that free app, but it doesnt work well.The free app (which/that) I have downloaded doesnt work well.vt.&n. .下载下载2. The project team helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania. It was formed by members from fifteen countries.The pr
24、oject team that/ who helped protect the national parks in the United Republic of Tanzania was formed by members from fifteen countries.3. This temple was first built during the Qin Dynasty.The time when this temple was first built is Qin Dynasty.n. .共和国共和国4. We met a professional archaeologist at th
25、e entrance to the Great Pyramid. He explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.The professional archaeologist that/ who/ whom we met at the entrance to the Great Pyramid explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.adj.&n. .职业的职业的; ;专业人员专业人员n. .入口入口; ;进入
26、进入n. .过程过程vt.处理处理;加工加工5. The documents about the cultural relics from overseas are under the desk. I found them yesterday.The place where I found the documents about the cultural relics from overseas yesterday are under the desk.adj.海外的海外的adv.在海外在海外6. Scientists worked together day and night to resc
27、ue the temple because they wanted to preserve it for the next generation.The reason why scientists worked together day and night to rescue the temple is that they wanted to preserve it for the next generation.根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语
28、从句两种。1.1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句1 1） 关系代词：关系代词：that ,which,who,whom,whose,asthat ,which,who,whom,whose,as 关系副词：关系副词：where,when,whywhere,when,why2 2）从句和主句的关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。）从句和主句的关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。3 3）定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去）定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整。掉，主句意思就不完整。非限定定语从句引导词非限定定语从句引导词1 1）非限制定语从句不用）非限制定语从句不用that
29、that引导引导Holly,_is from Australia, has Holly,_is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.a good command of Chinese.2 2）关系代词和关系副词的选择）关系代词和关系副词的选择关系词在从句中做主语或宾语时，用关系关系词在从句中做主语或宾语时，用关系代词；在从句中做状语，用关系副词。代词；在从句中做状语，用关系副词。The old man has a daughter The old man has a daughter ,_is an artist.,_is an arti
30、st.Opposite is St.Pauls Opposite is St.Pauls church,_you can hear some church,_you can hear some lovely music.lovely music.whowhowhowhowherewhere限制性定语从句与非限定定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限定定语从句的区别1 1）功能不同：）功能不同：与先行词的关系与先行词的关系能否去掉能否去掉限制性定语限制性定语从句从句是先行词在意义上是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可缺少的定语不可去掉，否则不可去掉，否则主句意义不完整主句意义不完整非限制定语非限制定语
31、从句从句对先行词补充说明对先行词补充说明 可去掉，去掉后可去掉，去掉后主句意思仍完整。主句意思仍完整。My elder sister _has settled in Beijing sends me e-mail almost every day. My elder sister, _has settled in Beijing, sends me e-mail almost every day.Who/thatWho/thatWhoWho* * * * *asas引导限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从引导限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句句用在固定搭配用在固定搭配asasasas，soassoas
32、， such.assuch.as， the sameasthe sameas中。中。The world has been changing at The world has been changing at suchsuch a high a high speed speed asas no one has expected. no one has expected. 。Such Such a meeting a meeting _ is being held is very is being held is very important. important. He is not He is
33、 not the same the same man _we knew man _we knew before.before. as as as as as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个句子的整个句子的内容内容。先行词：先行词：名词，整个或句子名词，整个或句子，As的句法功能：做的句法功能：做主语、宾语或表语主语、宾语或表语。as引导的定语从句的固定用法。引导的定语从句的固定用法。as we all know(as is known to us或或as is well known)as is reportedas is often the caseas is ex
34、pectedas has been said before众所周知众所周知据报道据报道情况常常如此情况常常如此正如期望的那样正如期望的那样如前所述如前所述使用定语从句需要注意的事项使用定语从句需要注意的事项1.1.定语从句中的主谓一致问题定语从句中的主谓一致问题 1 1）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。Is he the man _Is he the man _wantswants to to see you?see you?2)as, which 2)as, which 做主语引导非限定性定语做
35、主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语动词用单数从句，指全句时，从句谓语动词用单数。As _(be) usual,he came to As _(be) usual,he came to school late this morning.school late this morning.Liquid water changes to Liquid water changes to vapor,_is called evaporation.vapor,_is called evaporation.who/thatisiswhichwhich3).先行词为“one of the +复数名词”时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用复数。Freddy is one of the students who _(want)to be diplomats in our class.4).先行词为“the one of the +复数名词”时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the (only) one of the students who _(have)been a winner of scholarship for 3 years.wanwanthashas
