1、 Chapter OneA General Survey毛海燕毛海燕A general survey 1. Definition of a word 2. Sound and meaning 3. Word and lexical item 4. Meaning and concept 5. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning 6. Word and vocabulary 7. Constitution of English vocabularyEat them all !1. Definition of a WordHe had done it,
2、he had said the magic words. He stopped there to enjoy the effect of these words.1. Definition of a WordI love you!I hate you!1. Definition of a Word What is a word?Major Features of WordsWhat are the major features of words?（杨信彰，杨信彰，2009）Major Features of Words1. A word is a sound or combination of
3、 sounds which we make voluntarily with out vocal equipment.Major Features of Words2. A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else. In each language, sounds are used to represent objects, happenings, or ideas.Major Features of Words3. The word is an uninterruptible unit. When elements a
4、re added to a word to modify its meaning, they never interrupt the internal stability of the word.Major Features of Words4. A word has to do with its social function. It helps human beings interact culturally with one another “communicate”.Major Features of Words5. A word may consist of one or more
5、morphemes. It can be broken down into smaller meaningful units. Major Features of Words6. Words are part of the large communication system we call language. A word is partly dependent for meaning upon its use in that larger context. Major Features of Words7. A word occurs typically in the structure
6、of phrases. In typical way, morphemes are used to build words, words to build phrases, phrases to build clauses, and clauses to build sentences.1. Definition of a Word Generally speaking, a word is a unification of sounds, meaning and syntactic features, and is the fundamental structural unit of a s
7、entence.（陆国强）陆国强） 1. Definition of a Word A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.（张维友）张维友） Definition of a word daydream sound meaning syntactic feature 2. Sound and meaning Is sound related to meaning?2. Sound and meaning NaturalistsConven
8、tionalistsNaturalists Mom Mom 妈妈妈妈Woof 汪汪汪汪Mew-mew喵喵喵喵Naturalists T h e r e i s a n i n t r i n s i c correspondence between sound and meaning.Conventionalists EnglishmeatChinese 肉肉ItaliancarneSwedish kttRussianmcoFrench viandeConventionalists The relationship between sound and meaning is a kind of
9、linguistic social contract. 3. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning I can understand all the words, but I dont understand the sentence. Why?3. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning You need to know the difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.3. Lexical meaning and grammatical
10、 meaning* lexical meaning 词汇意义词汇意义* grammatical meaning 语法意义语法意义 3. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaningI saw a saw saw a saw.4. Meaning and concept How are words related to things?4. Meaning and concept Word concept referent referent Word concept4. Meaning and concept Concept: is the base of mea
11、ning. Meaning: is the reflection of the concept in the language. 概念：词义的基础，思维单位，抽象概念：词义的基础，思维单位，抽象 概括的，概括的， 词义：概念在语言中的表现形式，语词义：概念在语言中的表现形式，语 言范畴，抽象和具体言范畴，抽象和具体4. Meaning and concept The automobile is a mixed blessing. The automobile was stalled in a storm. cop - policeman buy off - bribe5. Word and l
12、exical item* Words: * Lexical items:the basic elements to form vocabularythe units to form dictionaries5. Word and lexical itemSo, where can you find lexical items?6. Vocabulary and words What constitute the vocabulary?Words of course.Then where did words come from?.?6. Vocabulary and words Broadly
13、speaking, all the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary. wordvocabulary7. Constitution of English vocabulary native words borrowed wordsa. Native wordsNative words: are the foundation and the core of the English Vocabulary.Features of native words in structure: most
14、ly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental concepts dealing with everyday objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speechb. Borrowed wordsBorrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.Origin of borrowed wordsDanish FrenchLatin GreekItalian SpanishArab
15、ic ChineseRussian German8.Classification of words 1Criteria of classification:By origin张维友张维友8.Classification of words 1Native wordsBorrowed words张维友张维友8.Classification of words 2Criteria of classification:By level of usage张维友张维友8.Classification of words 2Basic word stock (common core)Nonbasic vocab
16、ulary张维友张维友8.Classification of words 2Basic word stock (common core) 1.all national character 2.stability 3.productivity 4.polysemy 5.collocability张维友张维友8.Classification of words 2Nonbasic words1.terminology 术语术语 2.jargon 行话行话3.slang 俚语俚语 4.argot 暗语暗语5.dialectal words 方言方言 6.archaisms 古语古语7. Neologi
17、sms 新语新语张维友张维友8.Classification of words 3Criteria of classification: By notion张维友张维友8.Classification of words 3Content words (notional words)Functional words (empty words)张维友张维友8.Classification of words 3Lexical words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs)Grammatical words (pronouns, prepositions,
18、demonstrative, determiners, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs)杨信彰杨信彰8.Classification of words 3Traditional Grammar: 8 parts of speechNoun preposition Pronoun conjunction Adjective interjectionVerb Adverb 杨信彰杨信彰8.Classification of words 3Quirk(1985):1.Closed classes: proposition, pronoun, determiner, con
19、junction, auxiliary verb2.Open classes: noun, adjective, verb, adverb3.Lesser categories: numeral, interjection4.A small number of words of unique function: the particle not and the infinitive marker to杨信彰杨信彰Summary 1. Definition of a word 2. Sound and meaning 3. Word and lexical item 4. Meaning and
20、 concept 5. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning 6. Word and vocabulary 7. Constitution of English vocabularyFinished!Exercises1. Definition of a word.2. The difference between naturalists and conventionalists.3. What is the difference between meaning and concept?GlossaryWordVocabularyLexical ite
21、mLexical meaningGramatical meaningExamA. Tell the origin of the following words: (5%) ( ) 6. ill ( ) 7. typhoon ( ) 8. honour ( ) 9. embargo ( ) 10. formula Keys 6. Native 7. Chinese 8. French 9. Spanish 10. Latin Homework Exercises I, III, IVand VWhere do you go? Homework ! ! !Thank you for listening.Dont forget your homework.See you next week.
