1、 ENGLISH PHONETICS ENGLISH PHONETICS1Vowels and Consonants2Strong and Weak Forms3 Stress4Intonation目录CONTENTS5Rhythmlinking601CHAPTERClassification of English phonemesvowels consonants1. Classification of English phonemesvowels and consonantsThe distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the
2、obstruction of airstream.In the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a consonant, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another. Vowels: more sonorantConsonant
3、s: less sonorantVowels: can stand alone; be a word by themselvesConsonants: must combine with vowels to form wordsVowels: can be sungConsonants: cannot be sungVowels: voiced soundConsonants: noisy soundDescription of vowelsThis is a projection of the vowel space in the vocal tract between the hard p
4、alate and the rear wall of the pharynx:Vowels can be placed according to tongue position on the IPA Vowel Quadrilateral (see IPA Chart):The part of the tongue that is raised front, center, or back. (horizontal axis) Lip postureThe extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate (vert
5、ical axis) high, mid (often divided into mid-high and mid-low), and low. lengthThe kind of opening made at the lips various degrees of lip rounding or spreading.Classification of English vowelsTongue positionVowels can be placed according to tongue position on the IPA Vowel Quadrilateral (see IPA Ch
6、art):Lip posture (IPA) The lips can be spread as for i, rounded as for u, or neutral as for .Rounded vowels are produced with the corner of the lips brought forward, while unrounded vowels are produced with the corners pulled back. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounde
7、d vowels, i.e., without rounding the lips, and all the back vowels except /:/ are rounded vowels.Comparison for /i:/ & / Similarity: both /i:/ and / are high front vowelsDissimilarities: the tongue-position is higher for /i:/ than that for /i:/ is at the most front part of the tongue, while / is clo
8、ser to the central part of the tongue The lips are more closed and spread for /i:/ than for /i:/ is long vowel and / is a short vowel; /i:/ is a much more tense sound than / Comparison for /u:/ & / Similarity: both /u:/ and / are high back vowelsDissimilarities: the raised part of the tongue for /u:
9、/ is higher than that for /;the part of the tongue raised for / is not as back as that for /u:/ /u:/ has quite strong lip rounding while the lips are only slightly rounded for / /u:/ is long vowel and / is a short vowel; /u:/ is a much more tense sound than / DiphthongsMonophthongs vs. DiphthongsMon
10、ophthongs vowels with a stable tongue position and vowel quality over timeDiphthongs vowels produced with the tongue moving from one part of the vowel space to another during which the quality changes. The diphthongs in English include /e/ /a/ / /a/ / / /e/ /. 3.1 Classification of diphthongs Closin
11、g diphthongsClassification of diphthongs Centering diphthongsEnglish Consonants1. Classification of English consonantsThere are 24 consonants in English. These consonants may be classified according to the following: 1) place of articulation, 2) manner of articulation, and 3) voicing, i.e. voiced or
12、 voiceless. Manner of articulation means how obstruction is created (发音时气流受阻的方式)For example:According to the manner of articulation we can distinguish: 1) stops (or plosives 爆破音、塞音) 2) fricatives 擦音 3) affricates 塞擦音 4) nasals鼻音 5) lateral(s)流音 6) semi-vowels 半元音Place of articulation refers to the p
13、lace where obstruction is created (气流在何部位受阻)bilabial (双唇音) labiodental (唇齿音) dental (齿间音) alveolar (齿龈音) postalveolar (后齿龈音) retroflex (卷舌音) palatal (腭音) velar (软腭音) uvular (小舌音) pharyngeal (喉壁音) glottal (声门音)According to the place of articulation we may distinguish the following types of consonants
14、: 1) bilabial (two lips 双唇音) 2) labio-dental (top teeth/bottom lip 唇齿音) 3) dental (tongue tip/top teeth 齿音) 4) alveolar (tongue tip/tooth ridge齿龈音) 5) post-alveolar (tongue tip/hard palate 后齿龈音) 6) palate-alveolar (tongue mid/hard palate腭龈音) 7) palatal (tongue mid/hard palate 腭音) 8) velar (tongue ba
15、ck/soft palate 软腭音) 9) glottal (not localized 声门音) Place of Articulation Mannersof ArticulationState of the Vocal CordsB VB VB VB VB VB V VB V BBi-labialLabio-DentalDentalAlveolarPost-AlveolarPalato-AlveolarPalatalVelarGlottalPlosivesp b t dk g Nasals m n Fricativesf v s z h Affricates Lateral l App
16、roximant (w)r jwPLOSIVENASALVOICELESSVOICEDmLABIALpb ALVEOLAR tdnVELARkg/p/ has the features VOICELESS, LABIAL, PLOSIVE in English, etc.3.3 Phonemic contrast，complementary distribution，and minimal pair (音位对立、互补分布、最小对立对)Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes ca
17、n occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast. EX./p/ and /b/ pin and bin (in initial position)rope and robe (in final position)On the other hand，t and th never contrast each other. They are two allophones of the same phoneme /p/. (它们是同一音位 /t/ 的音位变体) They occ
18、ur in different environments (只出现在不同的语音环境中): EX. t in stop and th in top l in leaf and in feelTwo allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. (同一个音位的两个音位变体之间的关系是互补分布。)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the
19、 same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair(在两个单词中，同一位置的一个语音，切分成分不同外，其余的都相同，这两个单词就形成了一个最小对立对。) EX. pill bill pill tilltill killkill dilldill gillAccordingly, we can conclude that /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ are phonemes in English. Then all these sound combinations together
20、 constitute a minimal set; they are identical in form except for the initial consonant.Also, beat, bit，bat，boot，but，bait，bite，boat are a minimal set; they are identical in form except for the vowel /i:/ /i/ /e/ / /u:/ / /ei/ /ai/ / /.Some of the minimal pairs for English phonemes: vowels/i:/ / beat
21、bit/:/ /egirl gale / / bit bet/e/ /a/tale tile/ / bet bat/a/ / / tile toil/ / bat but/ /toil toll/ /:/ hut heart/ /atone town/:/ /heart hot/a/ /how here/ /:/ pot port/ /e here hair/:/ / port put/e/ /pair poor/ /u:/ full fool/ /i:/poor pea/u:/ /:/ cool curlSome of the minimal pairs for English phonem
22、es: consonants/p/ /b/ pin bin /w/ /j/wet yet/b/ /t/ bin tin/j/ /yolk choke/t/ /d/tin din/ / choke joke/d/ /k/din- kin / /f/ jade fade/k/ /gcoat goat /f/v/ fail veil/g/ /h/got hot /v/ heave heath/h/ /m/height might / wreath - wreathe/m/ /n/ might night / /s/ though sew/n/ / kin king /s/ /z/ bus buzz/
23、 /l/ tin till /z/ / zoo shoe/l/ /r/ led red / / Confucian confusion/r/ /w/ reel wheel / /t/ beige bait QUESTIONS & EXERCISES: 1. Is it possible to prove that l and are allophones of different phonemes in English?Yes. For example lip and pill, let and tell. They are complementary distribution of the
24、same phoneme /l/. 2. Is it possible to prove that and are allophones of different phonemes in English?Yes. For example thigh /a/ and thy /a/; bath /b:/ and bathe /be/; breath /bre/ and breathe /bri:/ 方言的负迁移-中国方言对英语发音的影响四川甘青宁新云南福建贵州湖南天气泰勒了旁望着重天里的小山葱乌拉那拉氏石狮子.弗兰的肥族.PlosivesIncomplete plosives Plosives
25、+ Plosivesactive / blackboard / bookcase / post-card / September / put down / wet ground / next door / stop talking / keep quiet / take care / not bad / great concern / hard times / quite different / waste time / a great dealPlosives + FricativesFriendship first / old friends / step forward / red fl
26、ags / a bright future / sweet flowers /ripe fruit / a complete failure / advance / advice / a kind voice / a one-sided view / first visit / second volume / constant vigilance / a complete victoryJust think / a thousand thanks / get through / take three / bright thought / the right thing abstract the
27、ory / black thread / get there / just then / take this / ask themred stars / bright sky / first step / keep silent /short stories / folk songs /deep snow /a great success / a good season / a big zoo / a good zipperbookshelves / first shift / dont shout / look sharp / make sure / a good shot / a smar
28、t shirt / a public showPlosives + Affricates white chalk / great changes / loud cheers / a good try / a good child / the first chapter / a bit dry / a second choice / a good job / a black jacket / a big tree / a big jar / a hard journey / excellent judgment / a fast train / a sweet dream / a cold dr
29、inkNasal Plosion / p b / / t d / / k g /opencottonbaconhappenbuttonbrokensubmitmountainthickencabmansuddensignalsubnormalhiddenignorantripe nutsmidnightfragmentstop nownot minetake minestop moaninggood morningdark nightkeep marchingattend meetingsa quick moverob moneydont knowa big mansob noisilyat
30、noona big noseglib mannersnot nowa rag merchantLateral Plosion/ p b / / t d / k g /simplelittletacklepeoplebottleuncleapple hospitaltwinklecouplecapitalmedicaltripledentalsurgicaltroublemiddleeagletablehandle anglesymbolcandlestrugglestumblenoodlewriggleup lateat lasttalk lessstep livelyat leasta si
31、ck leaverub lightlythe second longesta big ladBob lieda good leadera frog leg2. Deaspiration1) after / s /spell starschoolsport strongscarcespringstandskinexpensiveextensiveexcuseexperienceextremeexclusive2) after accented syllableshappycityluckypaperletterticketsupperafterworker3) before accented s
32、yllables policetodaycollect4) in word linkinglook at itpick it upfirst of allbest of alla lot of put it upnot at alltake it awaythink of itmake it upback in a minute 3. Nasals1) comparison between Chinese n and 真冷，真正冷，人人都很冷，猛得一阵风，更冷。小童村东种葱，老童村西种笋，两人劳动致富，春风吹遍山村。2） /n/ /sin singthin thingwin wingban b
33、angkin king ton tongue pin pingsinner singer banning banging3) / /-linkingsinging / singer / longing / hanging / bringing / hanging up / bring it / reading out / sing us a song / sitting on the rock / a long essay / among others / wrong againA song Ten Green BottlesTen green bottles are hanging on t
34、he wall.Ten green bottles are hanging on the wall.And if one green bottle should accidentally fall,Thered be nine green bottles hanging on the wall. 4) / g/longer / longest / stronger / strongest / younger / youngest / finger / anger / hunger5) / k/bank / sank / drank / thank / rank / ink / sink / d
35、rink / wink / link / sunk / monk /drunk / monkey / ankle / uncle / anchor6) /n/strange / stranger / range / arrange / lounge / manger / danger / ginger / longitude 4. Lateral1) clear l leave / live / let / like / lamp / large / lock / lose / look / love / learn / line 2) dark mid position: cold / fi
36、eld / help / milk / build / elbow / child / mild / spoilt / vulgar final position: feel / fill / dull / pool / oil / well / bell / full / pale / coal / hall / boil 3）comparison between Chinese “l” and “n” 莲漏难留恋，南楼辇路凉；年年来念汝，两泪落牛郎。在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。老奶奶，来送奶，奶奶送来鲜牛奶。鲜牛奶，真不赖，男女老少都来买。老脑筋可以学成新脑筋，新脑筋不学习就会变成老脑
37、筋。 4）/l/ /n/low no light night let net life knife lot not lice nice line nine lap nap lead need lest nest lumber number labor neighborlight night light night light nightlot not lot not lot notlow no low no low nolumber number lumber number lumber number 5）/l/ /r/leap reap lid rid lent rent lack rack
38、 loot root late rate light write loyal royallate rate alive arrivecollect correct sterling stirring5. Fricatives 1) /f/ /v/leaf leave safe save proof prove calf carve life livefast vast feel veal ferry very fan van few view fail veil ferry veryTry to save the safe first.Few have seen such a view.The
39、 leaf of this vine is very fine.Being well versed in learning, he received a first.For five weeks, he feared to walk into his fathers farm.2) / /breath breathe worth worthy south southern bath batheloath loathe teeth teetheI dont think this thick thread will go through the eye of this thin needle.Th
40、irty-three and a third plus thirty-three and a third equals sixty-six and twothirds.Though you think you have thoroughly thought through these problems, I think you should think them through again.3) /z/ /s/prize price pays pace trays trace rays race falls false disease decease lose loose use (v.) u
41、se (n.) house (v.) house (n.)4) /s/ / (initially)sin thin sing thing sank thanksick thick seem theme sort thought/s/ / (finally) miss myth mouse mouth face faithmoss moth force fourthworse worth5）/s/ / (initially)so show sock shock sort short sell shell sign shine seat sheet /s/ / (finally) ass ash
42、mass mash puss push bass bash person Persian listen nation十四是十四，四十是四十。谁说十四是四十，谁的舌头没翘起，谁说四十是十四，谁的舌头没伸直。狮子山上狮山寺，山寺门前四狮子，山寺是禅寺，狮子是石狮，狮子看守狮山寺，山寺保护石狮子。Two Chinese tongue twisters An English tongue twisterShe sells seashells on the seashore,The shells she sells are seashells, Im sure.For if she sells seas
43、hells on the seashore,Then Im sure she sells seashore shells. 02CHAPTERStrong and Weak FormsReviewQuestion: Which words are usually unstressed in a sentence? Function words, such as articles, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, possessives and so on. Therefore, these words have both s
44、trong forms and weak forms.The importance of learning unstressed forms Most native speakers of English find an “all-strong form” pronunciation very unpleasant. Learners who are not familiar with the use of weak forms are likely to have difficulty understanding native speakers of English.A weak form
45、of a word differs from a strong one in the following points: 1. By shortening the length of a vowel, e.g. the /i:/ becomes /i/ in be, been, she, me, and the /u:/ becomes /u/ in to, who, you, etc. 2. By reducing some other vowel sounds to the obscure /: all the different vowel sounds in the words suc
46、h as them, at, an, and, are, of, for, etc. become / 3. By omitting a vowel sound as in the words: am, is, have, had, has, will, etc. 4. By dropping a consonant sound as in the words: and, have, has, had, must, will, would, etc.Are there any weakened words in Chinese?豆腐 f 意思 s怎么m了 ArticlesStrong form
47、sWeak forms a an the/ei/ /n/i:/ / /, n/ (strong form rare) /i, , / PronounsStrong formsWeak forms he him his she her my me us them you your who /hi:/ /hm/ /hz/ / i:/ /h:/ /mai/ /mi:/ / s / /em / /ju:/j :(r), ju(r)/ /hu:/ /i:, hi, i/ /m/ /z/ / i/ /:, h, / (insert /r/ before a vowel) /m/ /mi/ /s, s/ /
48、m, m, m / /ju/ /j/ (insert /r/ before a vowel) /h, /The commonest words with strong and weak formsSpecial VerbsStrong formsWeak forms am is are was were do does have has had shall should will would can could must /m/ /iz/ /:/ /wz/ /w:/ /du:/ /d z/ /hv/ /hz/ /hd/ / l/ /d/ /wil/ /wd/ /kn/ /kd/ /m st/
49、/m, m/ /z, s/ / (insert /r/ before a vowel) /wz, wz/ /w/ (insert /r/ before a vowel) /du, d, d/ (/du/ before a vowel) /dz/ /hv, v, v/ /hz, z, s/ /hd, d, d/ / l, l, l/ / d, d/ /l, l/ /wd, d, d / /kn, kn/ /kd, kd/ /mst, ms/Prepositions & conjunctionsStrong formsWeak forms and as at but by for from nor
50、 of or per than that (conj.) till to /nd/ /z/ /t/ /b t/ /bai/ /f :/ /fr m / /n :/ / v/ / :/ /p:/ /n/ /t/ /tl/ /tu:/ /nd, nd, n, n/ (strong form rare) /z/ (strong form rare) /t/ (strong form rare) /bt/ /b, bi/ /f/ (insert /r/ before a vowel) /frm, frm/ (strong form rare) /n/ (insert /r/ before a vowe
