1、Discovering useful structuresRestrictive Attributive Clause and Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause 先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词 who, whom, which, that, whose, aswhere, when, why先行词先行词在从句中所作成分在从句中所作成分关系代词关系代词人人主主who/that宾宾who/whom/that/省略省略定定whose(=of whom)物物主主that/which宾宾that/which/省略省略定定who
2、se(=of which)先行词先行词在从句中所作成分在从句中所作成分关系副词关系副词时间名词时间名词时间状语时间状语when 地点名词地点名词地点状语地点状语where reason原因状语原因状语why 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause )与非限制性定与非限制性定语从句语从句 (Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause)的区别的区别区别限制性定从限制性定从非限制性定从非限制性定从 结构结构无逗号与主无逗号与主句分开，口句分开，口语中不停顿。语中不停顿。有逗号与主句有逗号与主句分开，口语中分开，口语中有停顿
3、。有停顿。区别限制性定从限制性定从非限制性定从非限制性定从与先行与先行词关系词关系密切，不可密切，不可缺少，否则缺少，否则先行词意义先行词意义不清。不清。不太密切，去不太密切，去掉的话，先行掉的话，先行词意义仍清楚。词意义仍清楚。 作用作用对先行词修对先行词修饰、限定。饰、限定。对先行词补充、对先行词补充、说明新信息。说明新信息。区别限制性定从限制性定从 非限制性定从非限制性定从引导引导词词口语中用口语中用that可替代可替代who/whom/ which/when/where/ why, 并可省略。并可省略。不可用不可用that替代替代who/whom/which/ where/when，并
4、不可省略。不并不可省略。不可用可用why引导。引导。区别限制性定从限制性定从 非限制性定从非限制性定从先行先行词词任何名词或任何名词或代词代词专有名词独一专有名词独一无二意义的名词无二意义的名词或被名词所有格或被名词所有格物主代词或指物主代词或指示代词所修饰的示代词所修饰的名词、整个主句。名词、整个主句。译法译法“的的” 译成并列分句译成并列分句区别 限制性定从限制性定从非限制性定从非限制性定从意义意义先行词为众多先行词为众多的人或物之一，的人或物之一， 不为听话人所不为听话人所知，用定语从知，用定语从句加以限定和句加以限定和识别。识别。先行词为听话人先行词为听话人所知，具有唯一所知，具有唯一
5、性。性。【即学即练】判断下列句子哪些是限制性定语从句，哪些是非限制性定【即学即练】判断下列句子哪些是限制性定语从句，哪些是非限制性定语从句语从句People who take physical exercise live longer.His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.He changed his mind, which made me very angry.Taobao is a website where you can
6、 buy what you want at a good price.限制性定语从句是限制性定语从句是_句，句，非限制性定语从句是非限制性定语从句是_句。句。 限制性定语从句中，限制性定语从句中，as常用于下列句式常用于下列句式 such + 名词名词 +as +从句从句 像像一样的；像一样的；像之类之类 the same +名词名词+ as +从句从句 和和同样的同样的e.g.: I have the same book as he has. We have found such materials as are used in their factory.as 在定语从句中作主语、宾语或者
7、表语。在定语从句中作主语、宾语或者表语。1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people expected.2. He is not the same man _ he was.asas1.as is known to all= as we all know 众所周知众所周知 2.as is said 正如所说的正如所说的 3.as you can see = as can be seen 正如你所看见的正如你所看见的 4.as is reported 正如报道的正如报道的5.as is expected 正如预料的正如预料的 6.as
8、 is pointed out 正如指出的正如指出的 7.as a famous saying goes正如一句谚语所说正如一句谚语所说/俗话说俗话说8.as is mentioned above正如以上提到的正如以上提到的非限制性定语从句中，非限制性定语从句中，as常用于下列句式常用于下列句式e.g.: As is known to us all, Zhong Nanshan is one of the greatest physicians in China.as, which引导非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的区别aswhich指代指代引导的从句只能指代整个引导的从句只能指代
9、整个主句的内容主句的内容引导的从句既可指代整个主句的引导的从句既可指代整个主句的内容，又可指代主句的某一名词内容，又可指代主句的某一名词或代词或代词位置位置可位于主句之前、之中可位于主句之前、之中或之后或之后可位于主句之中或之后，可位于主句之中或之后，不能位于主句之前不能位于主句之前意义意义“正如，就像正如，就像 ”“这，那这，那”功能功能起连接上下文的作用，表起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或并指出主句内容的根据或出处等出处等引导的从句，在意义上相当于一引导的从句，在意义上相当于一个并列句个并列句【即学即练】完成句子（用【即学即练】完成句
10、子（用as/which填空）填空）正如大家所看到的那样，她工作一直很努力正如大家所看到的那样，她工作一直很努力。 She is always working hard，_ everyone can see.这本书很有教育意义，是我昨天买的。这本书很有教育意义，是我昨天买的。 The book，_ I bought yesterday, is very instructive.她的诚实是大家有目共睹的。她的诚实是大家有目共睹的。 _ everyone can see, she is honest. = She is honest，_ everyone can see.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。众所
11、周知，吸烟有害健康。_ we all know，smoking is harmful to ones health.汤姆突然病倒了，这让我们很伤心。汤姆突然病倒了，这让我们很伤心。Tom suddenly fell ill，_ made us very sad.aswhichAsasAswhich1. I have a sister _ is a doctor. 我有一个当医生的的姐姐。（不止我有一个当医生的的姐姐。（不止一个姐姐）一个姐姐）2. I have a sister, _ is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是一个医生。我有一个姐姐，她是一个医生。（只有一个姐姐）（只有一个姐
12、姐）who/thatwho1. Fill in each blank with relative pronouns and adverbs.3. The number of people _ were killed or injured reached more than 400,000.4. But the one million people of the city, _ thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night.whowho5. This gift was the Amber Room(琥琥珀屋珀屋)
13、, _ was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it.6. The amber(琥珀琥珀) _ was selected has beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey.whichthat/which7. This is Henry, _ wife works for my brother-in-law. 8. This is the man _ car has been lost.9. She gave me this sweater, _ she had
14、 knitted (编织编织) herself. 10. She gave me a sweater _ she had knitted herself.whosewhosewhich(that/which)11. Martins garage, _ _ the car had been taken, was not far away.12. The garage _ _ the car had been taken was not far away.13. This was a time _ the two countries were at war.14. Im seeing the ma
15、nager tomorrow, _ he will be back from New York. to which to whichwhenwhen15. We will reach Dali in Yunnan Province soon, _ our cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang will join us. 16. Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg _ she spent her summers.where where 17. Sunday
16、is the only day _ we can relax.18. Sunday is a holiday, _ people dont go to work.19. He was very generous with his time, for _ I was very grateful.20. It was raining, _ was a pity.whenwhenwhichwhich21. Mr. Green, _ _I was working, was very generous. 22. She asked me many questions, most/all _ _ I co
17、uldnt answer. of whichfor/with whom1. Do you want a friend _ you could tell everything to?2. Your friend, _ doesnt work hard, asks you to help him/her cheat in the exam by looking at your paper.2. Fill in each blank with relative pronouns and adverbs or make a choice.(who/whom/that） who 3. She broug
18、ht with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before.4. I want you to meet my friend Marjorie, _ I think I mentioned in my last letter. 5. The watch _ you gave me keeps perfect time.6. The watch, _ my grand-father bought, is still in good order.whom who/whom (that/which) which 7. My grandfathe
19、rs watch, _ parts are too small to been seen, still keeps perfect time.8. The school _ I studied for only two years was three kilometres away.9. Yesterday I went to the school, _ I met Mr. Zhang.whosewherewhere13. The man _ you met yeasterday and _ name often appears in the newspaper is a famous sci
20、entist.14. The winner was a Brailian player, _ name I have forgot.15. He showed a new computer, _ low price will make it very attractive to students.(whom/who/that)whosewhosewhose16. On April 1st they flew to Beijing, _ they stayed several days.17. It was heard in Beijing, _ was one hundred kilometr
21、es away.18. The last time I went to Scotland was in May, _ the weather was beautiful. 19. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. which wherewhichwhen20. Sally went out with George, _ made Paul very angry.21. Sally went out with George, _ Paul was very angry wit
22、h.22. He showed me a photo _ upset me.23. He tore up (撕碎撕碎) my photo, _ upset me. which who/whom that/which which 24. He has to work on Sundays, _ he doesnt like.25. He has to work on Sundays, _ most people can relax.26. Ill never forget the Sunday _ you first arrived.27. I hate shopping during the
23、Christmas rush _ the shops are crowded. whichwhenwhenwhen28. Peter drove too fast, _ was dangerous29. He was very generous with his time, for _ I was very grateful.30. She wore her swimming things in the office, _ shocked her boss.31. She wore her swimming things in the office, _ her boss worked.whi
24、chwhichwhich where 32. He was very rude to the customs officer, _ of course made things even worse. 33. So I knew I could get a degree, too. _ made me feel good about myself.34. Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising actually.whichThatwhich35. There is no doubt that the boxes
25、 were then put on a train for Konigsberg, _ was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea.36. Chalie Chaplin lived in England and the USA but spent his last years in Switzerland, _ he was buried in 1977.which where 37. His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone_ family was poor. 38. Have you seen t
26、he film “Titanic”, _ leading actor is world famous?39. The most universal(普遍的普遍的) facial expression is, of course the smile_ function (功能功能) is to show happiness and put peope at ease. (使使.安逸舒适安逸舒适) whose whoseits 40. Hes really rude, _ is why people tend to avoid him. 41. Everyone in Dublin is so f
27、riendly, and _ is why I love the city.42. Its a secret_s why they never talked about it.43. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and _ mirrors and pictures shone like gold.whichthatthatits44. If a book is in English, _ means slow progress for you. A. which B. that C. what D. he45. When I say two
28、 hours, _ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that46. Unless Im very much mistaken, _ is my watch youre wearing! A. as B. which C. what D. thatBthatD47. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount Kilauea, _ is one of the most powerful forces on earth-the volcano.48.
29、This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, _ the rocks fall.which where London has a population of about 7,000,000. It lies on the River Tames, _ the Romans landed nearly 2,000 years ago. From about 1800 _ World War Two, London was the biggest city in the world, _whereto/until/tillb
30、ut语法填空语法填空 （一）（一） now there are many cities _ are much bigger. London is famous for many things. Tourists come from all over the world to visit its historic buildings, such as Buckingham Palace, _ the Queen lives, and the Houses of Parliament, _ you can see and hear the famouswhichwherewhere clock,
31、Big Ben. They _ come to visit its theatres, its museums, and its many shops, such as Harrods, _ you can buy anything. And of course they want to ride on the big wheel next to the river! _ many big cities, London has problems with traffic and pollution. Over 1, 000,000 people a day use the Londonalso
32、whereLike Underground, _ there are still too many cars on the streets. The air isnt clean, _ it is cleaner than it was 100 years ago. For me, the best thing about London is the parks, of _ five are in the city centre. But my childrens favourite place is Hamleys, _is the biggest toy shop in the world
33、!butalthoughwhichwhich I was born in Newcastle, a city in the north-east of England. New-castle is on the bank of the river Tyne. It is quite big, _ a population of about 200, 000 people. There is a cathedral and a university. There are five bridges _ the River Tyne, _ links Newcastle语法填空语法填空 （二）（二）
34、withoverwhich to the next town Gateshead, _ there is one of the biggest shopping centres in the world, the Metro Centre. A few years ago, the main industries were shipbuilding and coal-mining, _ now the chemical and soap industries are more important. wherebut I moved from Newcastle ten years ago bu
35、t I often return. I miss the people, _ are so warm and friendly, and I miss the wild, beautiful countryside near the city, _ there are so many hills and streams. People _ are born near the River Tyne have a specialwhowherewho name. They _ (call) Geordies. I am very pleased to be a Geordie!are called
36、 Montreal in Canada is the largest French-speaking city in the world next to Paris. It has a population of 2.8 million, of _ two thirds have French ancestry. French is the official language, _ English is almost as common. There are language laws _ require French writing语法填空（三）语法填空（三）whichbutthat/whi
37、ch in public places to be twice as large as English. Montral is situated on the Saint Lawrence Seaway and is a vital port for ships _ (travel) to the Great lakes and the Atlantic. It lies below Mount Royal, the ancient volcano after _ the city is named. It was discovered in 1535 travellingwhich by t
38、he French explorer Jacques Cartier _ is a wonderful mix of old and new-ancient stone buildings alongside modern, glass and steel. The climate is one of extremes: summers are hot, 27, _ winter temperatures average only -10 _ winter lasts four to andbutand five months. _, in order that you dont have t
39、o suffer such cold, _ have built an underground city _ (call) La Ville Souterraine. This is one of Montrels most amazing sights _ nearly 20 miles of walkways below street level. You can shop, have lunch, watch a movie, and enter a hotel _ Howevertheycalledwithwithout ever going outside! The city cel
40、ebrates the arts _ a big way. Visitors from all over the world travel to Montreal for _ many film and jazz festivals. Its also the gourmet capital of North America. Not only can you find some of the worlds finest restaurants (over 5,000), inits _ on nearly every street corner you can buy poutine, a delicious dish of French fries _ (serve) with hot cheese and brown gravy. All in all Montreal has much to offer. It is one of the_ (interest) cities in North America.butservedmost interesting The End
