1、名词的数名词的数名词的所有格名词的所有格名词的单复数变化名词的单复数变化可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词 名词的分类名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来
2、计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。 不可数名词不可数名词(U) 一般情况下,不可数名词没有复数形式,前面一般情况下,不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不与不定冠词不与不定冠词a(n)连用,作主语时,谓语动词连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。用单数形式。 Milk is my favourite food. Water is very important to us all. 特殊情况:特殊情况: 1)如果不可数名词表示特指,则必须与定冠词如果不可数名词表示特指,则必须与定冠词(the)或其它限定词连用。或其它限定词连用。 The milk in the cu
3、p was bad. 2) 当不可数名词表示个体时,必须使用单位名当不可数名词表示个体时,必须使用单位名词词(量词量词)。 a piece of advice / bread / chalk / news etc. a pair of glasses / shoes / trousers etc. two bottles of ink / milk /wine etc. 3)部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用来表示来表示“一种一种”,“一段一段”,“一类一类”等,常与不定等,常与不定冠词冠词a(n)连用。连用。 for a long time take
4、 a great interest live a hard life make a fire 下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用。 advice weather knowledge homework progress fun news housework information furniture traffic work baggage equipment air luck rice paper progress 4)有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。 coffee(咖啡咖啡) a coffee(一杯咖啡一杯咖啡) glass (玻
5、璃玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯玻璃杯) man (人类人类) a man (男人男人) iron (铁铁) an iron (熨斗熨斗)room (空间)(空间) a room(房间)(房间) work (工作(工作 ) a work(著作)(著作) paper (报纸)(报纸) a paper(报社)(报社)hair (头发)(头发) hairs(几根头发)(几根头发) 二、名词间的相互转化 1物质名词转化为可数名词 物质名词一般为不可数名词,但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。 (1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,是可数的。如: The bridge is made of stone.(不
6、可数) The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数) (2)当物质名词表示份数时,是可数的。如: Tea is very good for our health. Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。 2抽象名词具体化 抽象名词一般是不可数名词,但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词: (1)表示具体的人或事。请比较: Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念) The meeting was a great success.(success表示具体的事情) 典例(安徽名校联考,21)One way t
7、o understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation. A不填 Bthe Ca Done 解析:C。knowledge本为不可数名词,但当它被形容词修饰时,就具体化了,此时其前应加a/an,意为“对的了解;有方面的知识”。所以答案为C项。 )部分以部分以-s结尾的专有名词指某一事物名称常用做单数。结尾的专有名词指某一事物名称常用做单数。 The United States is made up of 50 states. The United Nations has sen
8、t an official there. 但是,但是, The Olympic Games are held every four years. 2.可数名词:可数名词: 个体名词个体名词 (worker,pen,dog etc.) 集体名词集体名词 (family,group,police etc.) 运用原则:运用原则:适当的冠词适当的冠词C或或pl形式。形式。 A horse is a kind of animals. The horse is a kind of animals. Horses run faster than donkeys.复数名词的构成方式:复数名词的构成方式:名词
9、后直接加名词后直接加-s。清辅音后读。清辅音后读s;浊辅音和元音浊辅音和元音后读后读z. desks dogs apples days以以-s , -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加结尾的名词加-esiz. buses watches boxes classes以以“辅音辅音y”结尾的名词,先把结尾的名词,先把y变成变成i,再加上再加上-es iz. factories countries cities babies以以“元音元音y”结尾的名词,或以结尾的名词,或以y结尾的专有结尾的专有名词直接加名词直接加-sz. boys days Germans 5)以以”辅音字母辅音字母o”结尾的名词
10、,加结尾的名词,加-es iz heroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes Heroes eat tomatoes and potatoes. 大多数以大多数以o结尾的外来词,缩略词直接加结尾的外来词,缩略词直接加-s. radios photos pianos zoos bamboos 7)以以f和和fe结尾的名词的复数有三种情况:结尾的名词的复数有三种情况: a)直接加直接加-s. 一个首领(一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴()带着一个农奴(serf )在海湾)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖()的悬崖(cliff )上信仰()上信仰(belief)一个屋顶)一个屋顶(roo
11、f)上面有个保险箱()上面有个保险箱(safe)的证据()的证据(proof ) b) 变变f或或fe 为为-ves. 一个贼人一个贼人(thief)的妻子的妻子(wife)冒着生命冒着生命(life)危险危险用半用半(half)片树叶片树叶(leaf)似的小刀似的小刀(knife)杀死了架杀死了架子(子(shelf)上的一只狼)上的一只狼(wolf)。 c) handkerchief 和和 scarf的复数形式有两种的复数形式有两种。 handkerchiefs handkerchieves scarfs scarves8)以以th结尾的名词后直接加结尾的名词后直接加-s. mouths p
12、aths months9)不规则变化不规则变化 footfeet tooth- teeth goose-geese childchildren mousemice 单复数同形。单复数同形。sheep deer fish (fishes) 表示表示“某国人某国人”的名词的名词。 中日友谊是一致中日友谊是一致(单复数同形单复数同形) Chinese Japanese Swiss 英法联盟英法联盟a改改e Englishman Frenchman 其它一般加其它一般加-s Germans Americans 复合名词的复数复合名词的复数 boy friend gold watch passer -b
13、y sister -in-law man doctor woman singersesssmen doctorswomen singers 有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。 papers(报纸,稿件报纸,稿件) works(工厂,作品工厂,作品) times(时代时代) drinks(饮料饮料) manners(礼貌礼貌) 部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。 silks fruits foods word用做用做“消息消息”“”“通知通知”不与冠词连用,不与冠词连用,也不用复数。也不用复数。 Word came that he
14、won the first prize keep ones word have a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb. leave word in a word in other words 备注:备注:有些名词只有复数形式。例如。有些名词只有复数形式。例如。goods(货物货物) glasses(眼镜眼镜) compasses(圆规圆规)thanks(感谢感谢) clothes(衣服衣服) remains (遗物,遗体遗物,遗体) trousers(裤子裤子) cattle(牛群)牛群)police 警察警察 people 人们人们守信
15、守信 与某人说话与某人说话与某人吵嘴与某人吵嘴留言留言简而言之换句话说换句话说 3总是表示复数意义的名词 集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义,不能说a people, a police, a cattle,但可以说a person, a policeman, a head of cattle。 The police are searching for the stolen boy. The cattle are feeding on the grassland. 链接 有些名词只用复数形式:trousers, congratulations, thanks,
16、goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。 4单复数同形的名词 有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有:deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤), yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式,方法)等。 All possible means have been tried. Every possible means has been tried. 点拨 对于单复数同形的名词,一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式),来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复
17、数意义。 典例(西安第三次质检,14) Every possible means _, but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse. A. has tried B. have tried C. has been tried D. have been tried 解析:C。考查语态和主谓一致。句意:每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了,但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化。由句意可知,应该用被动语态;means单复数同形,但是可以从every可知,应该是单数;所以答案选C。 3.3.sports,clo
18、thes *a sports field *a clothes shop a parents meeting 链接 不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后。如:somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。 2s所有格的用法 (1)常表示有生命的东西。如:Toms birthday, the dogs owner。 (2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如: 时间:a days work(一天的工作),todays newspaper; 距离:twenty minutes ride, five minutes walk,
19、a miles distance; 天体:the suns heat, the moons surface; 度量衡与货币价值:ten dollars worth, twenty pounds weight; 国家、城市等:Chinas industry, the citys development, the governments plan, Chinas development。Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) (3)表示某人的家或店铺。如:at the doctors在诊所,the tailors裁缝铺,the barber
20、s理发店,at my uncles在我叔叔家。 3of所有格的构成 the所有物of(this, that,. the, my/their.)无生命之物。 4of所有格的用法 of所有格主要用于无生命的事物,也可以用于有生命的事物。如:the window of the house; a map of Japan; the name of the girl standing at the gate。 Does anyone know the title of the novel? They have the support of people of the developing countri
21、es.表示时间:表示时间:一周的休假一周的休假a weeks holiday明天的天气明天的天气tomorrows weather两年的时间之内两年的时间之内in two years time十分钟休息十分钟休息ten minutes break两小时的耽搁两小时的耽搁two hours delay也可以用也可以用a tenminute break,a two-hour delay:我们有十分钟的休息时间。我们有十分钟的休息时间。We have ten minutes break We have a tenminute break在表示所有物的名词前有冠词、数词、不在表示所有物的名词前有冠词、
22、数词、不定代词或指示代词时,常用定代词或指示代词时,常用“of+名词名词s”的形式来表示所有关系,且的形式来表示所有关系,且of后面的名词后面的名词一般都表示人,不能表示物。一般都表示人,不能表示物。如:如:a friend of my fathers,that book of Peters,two bags of his sisters1.The rich_not always happy. A.are B.is C.have D.has2.In Britain,_are all painted red. A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box
23、 D.letters box3.There are four_and two_in the group. A.Japanese,Germen B. Japaneses,Germen C.Japanese,German D. Japanese,Germans4.She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second_. A.home B.family C.house D.country 5.Mother brought me_. A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two
24、news 课时训练课时训练6.We can do the work better with_money and _ people. A. less, fewer B. fewer, lessC. little, little D.few, few7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China. A.city B.cities C. citys D.the cities8.Would you like_? A.some more meat B.any more meat C.many more meat D. more much meat9. (
25、) This is my_ dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters Mary C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys10. Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister 11. ( ) The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. L
26、ily and Lucys 12. ( ) Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes 13. ( ) _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows D. The windows in room14. ( ) Miss Smith is a friend of_.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother
27、 C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 15. The_ shoes were covered with mud ,so I asked them to take them off before they got into_ car. A. girls ; Toms B. girls ; Toms C. girls ; Toms D. girls ; Toms16.The police visited some of the _who witnessed the accident and came to know the truth of what had ha
28、ppened. passer-by B. passer-bys C. passers-by D. Passers-bys 17. There are 82 _teachers and 1568 _ Students. A. Woman ; girl B. women; girlA.C. women; girls D. woman; girls 典例(江西)The _shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _car. A. girls; Toms B. girls; Toms C. girls; Toms D. girls; Toms 解析:C。句意:这些女孩的鞋子满是泥,所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls,其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“”;专有名词Tom的所有格是Toms,故选C。Homework:Revise the grammarThank you. Bye.