1、局部血液循环障碍局部血液循环障碍充血出血血栓形成栓塞梗死水肿局部血液循环障碍局部血液循环障碍充 血hyperemia概念概念器官或组织的血管内血液含量增多分类分类动脉充血静脉充血动脉性充血概概念:念:指器官或组织动脉输入量增多。又称主动性充血(active hyperemia),简称充血。一、原因一、原因细动脉扩张 (一)、血管舒张神经兴 奋性(二)、舒张血管活性物质释放。Arterial hyperemia二、分 类生理性生理性充血充血炎症性充炎症性充血血减压后减压后充血充血(一)(一)(二)(二)(三)(三)三、病理变化和后果(一)、病理变化:(一)、病理变化:1、肉眼:充血的器官或组织:
2、、肉眼:充血的器官或组织: 体积轻度增大,颜色鲜红,温度升高。2、镜下:、镜下:小动脉和毛细血管高度扩张、充满血液。(二)、后果:(二)、后果:1、常为暂时性血管反应,对机体无明 显影响。 2、炎症性充血一般对机体有利,但对已 有病变的动脉,充血可导致血管破裂。Inflammation炎扁桃体炎扁桃体静脉性充血(淤血)概念概念 指器官或组织由于静脉血液回流受阻,血液淤积在毛细血管和小静脉内。又称被动性充血(passive hyperemia),简称淤血(congestion)。原原因因和和结结局局静静脉脉阻阻塞塞心心衰衰淤淤血血静静脉脉压压增增加加侧侧支支循循环环开开放放水水肿肿萎萎缩缩、变变
3、性性、坏坏死死心衰引起的心衰引起的慢性淤血性水肿慢性淤血性水肿acute pulmonary edemaacute pulmonary edema肺淤血高倍镜图心力衰竭细胞:肺巨噬细胞吞噬了红细胞并将其分解,在胞浆内形成棕黄色含铁血黄素颗粒。此细胞常见于左心衰竭时。chronic congestion of liver chronic congestion of liver (nutmeg liver)(nutmeg liver) chronic congestion of liverchronic congestion of liver出 血hemorrhage概概念念血液由心腔或血管内逸出
4、。临床分类临床分类内出血内出血外出血外出血血肿瘀点瘀斑体腔积血病理分类病理分类破裂性出血:心脏和较大的血管破裂破裂性出血:心脏和较大的血管破裂漏出性出血漏出性出血一、类型:一、类型: (二)外出血(二)外出血 1. 咯血呼吸道出血 2. 呕血上消化道出血 3. 血尿泌尿道出血 4. 血便下消化道出血 5. 淤点浆、粘膜较小出血 6. 紫殿浆、粘膜稍大出血 7. 淤斑直径超过2cm的皮下出血漏出性出血概念 因毛细血管和毛细血管后微静脉通透性增加,红细胞经内皮间隙和受损的基底膜漏出。(一)、原因1、血管损害2、血小板减少或功能障碍3、凝血因子缺乏肺出血肺出血 pulmonary hemorrhag
5、epulmonary hemorrhageAneurysm Aneurysm and and dissectiondissection Marfans Marfans syndromesyndrome Tearing of aortic wall Hemopericardium(Cardiac tamponade)Hemorrhage of subarachnoidealesThe dura has been reflected back (with a small portion visible at the lower right) to reveal a subdural hematom
6、a. Such a blood clot is usually the result of trauma with tearing of the bridging veins. The hematoma interdigitates with the adjacent gyri and sulci, but compresses the brain 血栓形成thrombosisThrombosisThrombosis血栓形成 概念概念: 活体心脏、血管内,血液某些成分析出、凝集形成固体质块的过程称血栓形成。 形成的固体质块叫血栓(thrombus)。 凝血 抗凝血 意义:出血时止血又防止血栓形
7、意义:出血时止血又防止血栓形成成一、血栓形成条件及机制一、血栓形成条件及机制 血液凝固、血小板粘集和纤维蛋白溶解过程血液凝固、血小板粘集和纤维蛋白溶解过程 (一)心血管内膜损伤: 和 见于见于 静脉内膜炎、动脉炎、动脉粥样硬化继发的溃疡、风湿性心内膜炎、细菌性心内膜炎、心梗等 Endothelium injuryEndothelium injuryan important factor which could cause an important factor which could cause thrombosis directlythrombosis directly 动脉粥样硬化伴发血栓
8、形成动脉粥样硬化伴发血栓形成 Atherosclerosis of the Atherosclerosis of the artery with thrombusartery with thrombus(二)血流状态改变:血流缓慢, 涡流,如 静脉曲张、动脉瘤内或血管分枝处等。静脉比动脉发生血栓多4倍。 Thrombus Thrombus in iliac veinin iliac vein(三)血液凝固性增高: 1. 遗传性:V因子基因突变protein C无抗凝性;(如抗凝 血酶、蛋白C 、 S缺乏) 2. 手术,创伤,妊娠,分娩,恶性肿瘤使促凝因子释放 3. DIC 上述血栓形成的条件往
9、往是同时存在的,但心血管内膜的损伤是血栓形成最重要也是最常见的原因。 二、血栓形成的过程和血栓的形态延续性血栓延续性血栓(propagating thrombus): 从静脉内膜表面的血小板粘集堆开始,血栓不断沿血管延伸增长,形成头、体、尾三部分。白色血栓白色血栓红色血栓红色血栓混合血栓混合血栓透明血栓透明血栓Morphology of thrombiMorphology of thrombi thrombusthrombus tailtail body body head head白色血栓肉眼1、延续性血栓的头部,与内膜 紧连。2、呈灰白色,质实。镜下主由血小板组成。白色血栓主要见于心脏和动
10、脉及静脉血栓的起始部。 thrombus in coronary arterythrombus in coronary artery红色血栓Red thrombus肉眼1、主要见于静脉,为延续性血栓尾部。2、红色。3、新鲜时为表面光滑,湿润、富于弹性。4、陈旧红色血栓干燥、无弹性、易脱落。镜下为正常血液分布的血细胞。红色血栓肉眼图示红色血栓红色血栓混合血栓Mixed thrombus肉眼1、为延续性血栓的体部。2、呈粗糙、干燥的圆柱状。3、灰白与暗红色相间的条纹状 (波纹状) 结构。混合血栓镜下图示透明血栓Hyaline thrombus1、见于DIC。2、发生于全身微循环内,只能在 显微镜下
11、见到,故又称微血栓。3、主要由纤维蛋白构成。肺微血栓四、血栓的结局四、血栓的结局、血栓的结局、血栓的结局 1. 软化溶解吸收 2. 机化再通 3. 钙化血管内结石 4. 脱落栓子栓塞梗死五、血栓对机体影响五、血栓对机体影响 有利有利: :TB、溃疡病出血时止血 不利不利: 1. 阻塞血管: A血栓形成 梗死; V内血栓形成淤血 2. 心瓣膜赘生物(血栓) 瓣膜病 3. 血栓脱落栓塞梗死 4. 广泛出血DIC white/pale thrombus in cardiac valvewhite/pale thrombus in cardiac valveOrganization of Organi
12、zation of thrombus thrombus organization and organization and recanalization of recanalization of thrombusthrombus 钙化和静脉石钙化和静脉石 Calcification and phlebolithCalcification and phlebolith肺动脉的骑跨式的肺动脉的骑跨式的血栓栓子血栓栓子栓塞栓塞 thromboembolusthromboembolus astride the astride the bifurcation of the bifurcation of
13、the pulmonary artery pulmonary artery (saddle emboli)(saddle emboli)血栓概要血栓概要 血栓形成的条件血栓形成的条件 血栓的结局血栓的结局 血栓的影响血栓的影响 栓塞栓塞(Embolism) 定义定义 栓子运行的途径栓子运行的途径 类型类型 影响影响栓栓 塞塞概念:随血概念:随血运行运行的的异物异物,阻塞阻塞血管的血管的 现象称栓塞。阻塞血管的异物称现象称栓塞。阻塞血管的异物称 栓子栓子。栓子可以是固体、液体或气体。栓子可以是固体、液体或气体。 栓子的分类栓子的分类 血栓栓子血栓栓子 脂肪栓子脂肪栓子 气体栓子气体栓子 羊水栓子
14、羊水栓子 肿瘤栓子肿瘤栓子 细菌栓子细菌栓子 其它其它一、栓子运行途经一、栓子运行途经 1. V系统和右心栓子: 栓塞在肺动脉 2. A系统和左心栓子: 栓塞全身动脉 3. 门静脉系统栓子:栓塞到肝 4. 交叉栓塞:如先天心病时 5. 逆流栓塞:极罕见栓塞的类型及对机体的影响栓塞的类型及对机体的影响 血栓栓塞(血栓栓塞(9999) 肺栓塞(主要)肺栓塞(主要) 体循环动脉栓塞体循环动脉栓塞全身的栓子全身的栓子 Systemic embolism, SESystemic embolism, SE 下肢下肢 limbs ( limbs ( 70-75%70-75% ) ) 脑脑 brain ( b
15、rain ( 10%10% ) ) 内脏内脏 viscera ( viscera ( 10%10% ) ) 上肢上肢upper limbs( upper limbs( 5%5% ) ) 1. 肺动脉栓塞: (1)中小分支的栓塞不引起严重后果 (2)有慢性肺淤血肺出血性梗死 (3)肺动脉大分支及主干呼吸循环衰竭 猝死 (4)多数小栓子栓塞右心衰猝死肺栓塞肺栓塞小栓子(小栓子(60608080) ) 中小肺动脉栓塞中小肺动脉栓塞 无临床表现无临床表现 结果结果 : : 心衰心衰 梗死梗死肺栓塞肺栓塞中等大小的栓塞中等大小的栓塞 (10-15%)(10-15%) 阻塞中等大小的肺动脉分支处阻塞中等大
16、小的肺动脉分支处 肺出血肺出血肺动脉的骑跨式的肺动脉的骑跨式的血栓栓子血栓栓子栓塞栓塞 thromboembolusthromboembolus astride the astride the bifurcation of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery pulmonary artery (saddle emboli)(saddle emboli)ThromboembolismThromboembolism: : Pulmonary embolism, PEPulmonary embolism, PE occlusions of PA : alw
17、ays embolicocclusions of PA : always embolic Origin of thromboemboli : deep veins of legsOrigin of thromboemboli : deep veins of legs potential consequences: potential consequences: sizessizes and and numbernumber of the emboli of the emboli thromboembolus thromboembolus astride the bifurcation of t
18、he astride the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery (saddle embolus)pulmonary artery (saddle embolus) valves肺栓塞(肺栓塞( PEPE)诊断:诊断: 很难很难 2/3 2/3 的病人在诊断出来以前已经发生了死的病人在诊断出来以前已经发生了死亡亡2. 体循环动脉栓塞: 栓子80来自左心常见于亚急性感染性心内膜炎,二尖 瓣狭窄时左心房附壁血栓和心肌梗死的附壁血栓。其余为发生于动脉粥样硬化溃疡或动脉瘤的附壁血栓。 感染性心内膜炎感染性心内膜炎脂肪栓子脂肪栓子Fat embolismFat emb
19、olism脂肪从哪里来的呢脂肪从哪里来的呢Where do the fat globules come from?Where do the fat globules come from? 长骨骨折长骨骨折 (9090) fractures of long bone fractures of long bone 大面积脂肪组织受损大面积脂肪组织受损 extensive trauma to fatty extensive trauma to fatty tissuetissue 一些疾病一些疾病 some of diseasessome of diseases 糖尿病糖尿病 diabetesdia
20、betes 镰刀状细胞贫血镰刀状细胞贫血 sickle cell anemiasickle cell anemia 胰腺炎胰腺炎 pancreatitispancreatitis脂肪栓塞脂肪栓塞Fat embolismFat embolism 9090的脂肪栓子来自于长骨骨折的脂肪栓子来自于长骨骨折 只有只有1 1到到2 2有临床意义有临床意义 影响大小:影响大小: 视脂肪滴大小和数量多少来定视脂肪滴大小和数量多少来定 机理:机理:长骨骨折黄骨髓入血V肺A、肺内毛细血管肺V左心广泛脑A栓塞猝死 脂肪栓子脂肪栓子Fat embolismFat embolism多少脂肪栓子才有临床意义多少脂肪栓子
21、才有临床意义How many fat globules are necessary for becoming clinically How many fat globules are necessary for becoming clinically significant?significant? 9-20 grams9-20 grams脂肪栓塞综合征脂肪栓塞综合征Fat embolism syndromeFat embolism syndrome临床表现临床表现 肺循环受阻肺循环受阻 75%75%的肺栓塞的肺栓塞急性右心衰死亡急性右心衰死亡。 贫血贫血 血小板减少血小板减少 死亡死亡 (1
22、0% )(10% )脂肪栓塞脂肪栓塞Fat embolismFat embolism病理诊断病理诊断 冰冻切片冰冻切片 特殊染色特殊染色 Sudan III Sudan III Oil-red O Oil-red O脂肪栓子(苏丹脂肪栓子(苏丹IIIIII染色)染色)空气栓塞空气栓塞air embolismair embolism DefinitionDefinition When bubbles of air or gas within the When bubbles of air or gas within the circulation obstruct blood flow, the
23、 circulation obstruct blood flow, the resultant injury is referred to resultant injury is referred to air embolismair embolism空气栓塞空气栓塞air embolismair embolism空气怎么进入循环的呢?空气怎么进入循环的呢? 外伤、手术外伤、手术 分娩并发症分娩并发症 气胸气胸 大血管破裂大血管破裂 肺损伤肺损伤 职业病职业病 减压病减压病 沉箱病沉箱病氮气栓塞氮气栓塞Air embolismAir embolism空气栓子空气栓子多少空气才会引起临床表现呢多
24、少空气才会引起临床表现呢 100ml100ml空气栓塞的机理空气栓塞的机理air embolism:air embolism: 气泡气泡 气泡聚集气泡聚集 右心机械性阻塞右心机械性阻塞 心衰心衰 空气栓子空气栓子 air embolismair embolism 羊水栓子羊水栓子发生几率发生几率 1/50000 1/50000 死亡率死亡率 80%80%栓子栓子影响影响EffectsEffects Embolism Embolism 堵塞血管堵塞血管Occlusion of the blood vesselOcclusion of the blood vessel 静脉静脉 veins vei
25、ns 充血充血congestion / congestion / 水肿水肿edema / edema / 出血出血hemorrhagehemorrhage 动脉动脉arteries arteries 梗死梗死ischemic necrosis (infarct)ischemic necrosis (infarct) 侧枝循环开放侧枝循环开放 bypass circulation opened bypass circulation opened 肿瘤和感染的扩散肿瘤和感染的扩散Dissemination of infections and Dissemination of infections
26、and tumorstumors栓塞概要栓塞概要Summary for embolismSummary for embolism 栓子可能是气体,液体或是固体栓子可能是气体,液体或是固体Emboli may be Emboli may be gas, liquid or solid materials.gas, liquid or solid materials. 血栓是血栓是最常见最常见的类型的类型Thromboembolism is the Thromboembolism is the most common type. most common type. 大部分的血栓栓子都来自大部分的血
27、栓栓子都来自下肢的深静脉下肢的深静脉 most of most of thromboemboli come from the deep veins of the thromboemboli come from the deep veins of the legs.legs. 栓子是造成梗死的栓子是造成梗死的最重要最重要的的原因。的的原因。Embolism is Embolism is one of the most important causes for infarction.one of the most important causes for infarction.梗死梗死Infarc
28、tionInfarction定义定义DefinitionDefinition 局部组织因为动脉的阻塞或是静脉的回流受局部组织因为动脉的阻塞或是静脉的回流受阻而引起的阻而引起的缺血性坏死缺血性坏死 a localized area of a localized area of ischemic necrosisischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous either the arterial supply or the venous
29、 drainage in a particular tissuedrainage in a particular tissue梗死梗死InfarctionInfarction原因原因 causes causes 动脉阻塞动脉阻塞artery obstruction artery obstruction 9797 血栓血栓 thrombosisthrombosis 动脉栓塞动脉栓塞 arterial embolismarterial embolism 动脉痉挛动脉痉挛 arterial spasmarterial spasm 动脉受压动脉受压 extrinsic compression of e
30、xtrinsic compression of the vessel the vessel 影响梗死发展的因素影响梗死发展的因素Factors that influence development of an infarctFactors that influence development of an infarct 器官的血液供应情况器官的血液供应情况 阻塞发生的速度阻塞发生的速度 局部组织对氧的耐受局部组织对氧的耐受 血氧含量血氧含量梗死形成的条件梗死形成的条件 1. 动脉血供应阻断 2. 供血血管的类型 1)双重血液循环供血不易发生梗死 2)单一血管供血相对易发生梗死 3. 局部组织对
31、缺血的敏感程度: 缺血耐受性:脑 心肌 骨骼肌梗死的分类梗死的分类InfarctionInfarction- classificationclassification1. 1.是否有出血是否有出血 with or without hemorrhagewith or without hemorrhage 出血性梗死出血性梗死/ /红色梗死红色梗死 hemorrhagic infarct / red infarcthemorrhagic infarct / red infarct 贫血性梗死贫血性梗死/ /白色或灰色梗死白色或灰色梗死 anemic infarct / white or pale
32、infarct anemic infarct / white or pale infarct 2. 2. 有无细菌感染有无细菌感染with or without infection with or without infection 败血性梗死败血性梗死 septic infarctseptic infarct 单纯性梗死单纯性梗死 bland bland hemorrhagic infarct of whole small intestine hemorrhagic infarct of whole small intestine(A61-98)A61-98)梗死的形态学Infarction
33、- morphology肉眼肉眼 Gross appearance 形状形状 血液供应的形状血液供应的形状 shape - pattern of vascular supply 特征特征 坏死的组织学形态坏死的组织学形态 character - histological type of necrosis 颜色颜色 根据有无出血根据有无出血 color - with or without hemorrhage肾、脾、心贫血性梗死肉眼Infarction- morphology 镜下镜下 Histology凝固性坏死凝固性坏死 Coagulative necrosis液化性坏死液化性坏死 Liqu
34、efactive necrosisCerebral infarctCerebral infarct(Encephalomalacia(Encephalomalacia ) )Anemic infarctAnemic infarct StructureStructure dense dense Blood supplyBlood supply end-arterial end-arterial poor bypass circulation poor bypass circulation CauseCause arterial occlusion arterial occlusion Organ
35、s Organs heart brain heart brain kidney kidney spleen limbs spleen limbsHemorrhagic infarctHemorrhagic infarct structurestructure loose loose blood supply blood supply dual circulation dual circulation plenty of bypass circulation plenty of bypass circulation cause cause arterial occlusion and conge
36、stionarterial occlusion and congestion organsorgans lung / liver / lung / liver / uterus / GITuterus / GITAnemic infarct Anemic infarct kidneykidney hemorrhagic infarct of small intestinehemorrhagic infarct of small intestine Dry gangreneDry gangrene 梗死的影响Infarction- EffectsEffects影响因素影响因素 部位部位 范围范围
37、 梗死发展的速度梗死发展的速度 有无细菌感染有无细菌感染梗死的结局梗死的结局 Infarction-Infarction- FatesFates 1 1)溶解、吸收、排出)溶解、吸收、排出 2 2)机化)机化 - - 疤痕疤痕 3 3)包裹)包裹 4 4)钙化)钙化 old myocardial infarct with scar formation old myocardial infarct with scar formation水肿水肿 EdemaEdema水肿:组织间隙或体腔内过量的体液积聚水肿:组织间隙或体腔内过量的体液积聚。 正常体液的分布正常体液的分布Normal distrib
38、ution of fluid inside the human bodyNormal distribution of fluid inside the human body 60% of lean body weight is water60% of lean body weight is water 2/3 2/3 细胞内细胞内intracellular intracellular 1/3 1/3 细胞外细胞外extra-cellularextra-cellular 5% of total body water is in blood 5% of total body water is in
39、 blood Factors affecting fluid transit across capillary wallsFactors affecting fluid transit across capillary wallshydropericardiumhydropericardium水肿的分类水肿的分类Edema: Edema: classificationclassification 炎性水肿炎性水肿 increased vascular permeability increased vascular permeability protein rich fluid protein
40、rich fluid 非炎性水肿非炎性水肿 fluid imbalancefluid imbalance protein poor transudate protein poor transudate 淋巴性水肿淋巴性水肿 secondary to reduced lymph drainagesecondary to reduced lymph drainage pitting edema of the skin pitting edema of the skinEdema Edema of the Larynxof the Larynx脑水肿形成脑水肿形成脑疝脑疝Edema secondary Edema secondary to lymphatic to lymphatic obstructionobstruction局部血液循环障碍局部血液循环障碍Hemodynamic disordersHemodynamic disorders 充血充血 血栓形成血栓形成 栓塞栓塞 梗死梗死 出血出血 水肿水肿