1、英语词汇学之构词法BY COBRA1 1May 21, 2022构词法(WORD-FORMATION)2 2主要构词法合成法派生法转化法其它May 21, 2022合成法(COMPOUND)一、概念一、概念 将两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词法称为合成法法。二、方法二、方法 1. 直接写在一起 bedroom, newspaper, horseback 2. 用连字符(-)连接 part-time, good-looking, second-hand 3. 由两个分开的词构成 black list, black sea, black sheep三、类别三、类别 1. 合成名词 2. 合成动
2、词 3. 合成形容词 4. 合成副词和合成代词 3 3May 21, 2022合成名词方式方式例词例词名词+名词football, notebook, seafood, hand-book.形容词+名词blackboard, first-class, green house动名词+名词waiting-room, writing-desk, sleeping bag.动词+名词pickpocket, turn-coat, sleepwalker副词+名词income, overcoat, inland代词+名词he-goat, she-wolf名词+介词+名词father-in-law, edi
3、tor-in-chief动词+副词take-off, breakup, breakdown副词+动词output, download, overflow4 4May 21, 2022合成动词构成方式构成方式例词例词名词+动词sleepwalk, waterski, daydream, sunbathe副词+动词overcome, overeat, upload, uphold形容词+副词whitewash, quick-charge, blacklist, ill-treat其它方式blow-dry, spin-dry5 5梦游 滑水 做白日梦 沐日光浴克服 吃太多 上传 维护刷白 快速充电
4、列入黑名单 虐待 吹干 甩干May 21, 2022合成形容词 构成构成 方式方式 例词例词 过去分词或-ed词尾 kind-hearted, middle-aged, new-born-ing词尾 good-looking, easy-going, man-eating形+名或名+形full-time, first-class, ice-cold, brand-new其它方式 two-hour, out-door, up-hill, see-through6 6好心的 中年的 新生的 好看的 随和的 吃人的 全职的 头等的 冰冷的 全新的 两小时的 户外的 上山的 透明的 May 21, 2
5、022合成副词和合成代词 构成方式构成方式例词例词合成副词empty-handed, single-handed, sidewayshowever, anywhere, downstairs合成代词myself, himself, ourselvessomeone, anybody, nothing, everyone7 7空手地 单枪匹马地 向一边 然而 任何地方 往楼下 我自己 他自己 我们自己某人 任何人 没事 每个人May 21, 2022派生法(DERIVATION)一、概念一、概念 通过加前缀或后缀构成一个新词的方法叫派生法。二、方法二、方法 1. 加在前 unhappy, imp
6、olite, asleep, endanger 2. 加在后 actor, hopeless, policeman, imagination 3. 既加前又加后 unlucky, disagreement三、类别三、类别 1. 前缀(一般只改变词义，不改变词性) 2. 后缀(一般只改变词性，不改变词义) 8 8May 21, 2022常见前缀1改变词类 构成方式构成方式 例词例词a. a-加在名词前构成形容词或副词asleep, aboard, asideb. be-加在名词或形容词前构成动词befriend, bewitch, beheadc. em-加在名词前构成动词embark, emb
7、ed, empowerd. en-加在名词前构成动词endanger, encouragee. en-加在形容词前构成动词enrich, enlarge, endearf. out-加在名词或形容词前构成动词outsmart, outnumber9 9睡着的 在船上 在旁边帮助 蛊惑 砍头 使从事 使嵌入 使能够危及 鼓励使富裕 扩大 使亲密智胜 比多 May 21, 2022常见前缀2构成反义构成方式构成方式例词例词un-unable, uncertain, unhappy, unluckily, undoil- illegal, illogical, illiterateim-impoli
8、te, impossible, impatientin-informal, independent, injusticeir-irregular, irresponsible, irresistibledis-disadvantage, disorder, dislike1010不能的 不确定的 不幸地 松开违法的 不合逻辑的 不识字的无礼的 不可能的 没耐心的 非正式的 独立的 不公正不规则的 不负责任的 不可抗拒的缺点 杂乱 不喜欢 May 21, 2022常见前缀3特定意思构成方式构成方式例词例词anti-(反)antiwar, anticancer, antipollutionauto
9、-(自动)automatic, autotimer, auto-recordbi-(双)bicycle, binocularscenti-(百分之一的)centimeter, centigram, centigradeco-(共同)co-operate, co-edit, co-exitdown(向下)downstairs, downhill, downwardsex-(以前的)ex-wife, ex-lover, ex-husbandfore-(前部的)forehead, foreleg, forearmfull-(完全)full-time, full-speed, full-strengt
10、h1111May 21, 2022常见后缀1名词后缀后缀后缀例词例词-anAsian, American, Russian, African-anceattendance, performance, assistance-ationeducation, examination, pronunciation-domfreedom, kingdom, wisdom, boredom-encedifference, preference, existence-erdiver, writer, dancer, reporter-eseChinese, Japanese, Portuguese-essa
11、ctress, princess, goddess, hostess-hoodchildhood, neighborhood, motherhood-ianmagician, musician, historian1212May 21, 2022常见后缀1名词后缀后缀后缀例词例词-ionaction, decision, collection, creation-istpianist, violinist, scientist, communist-ityequality, majority-manfireman, policeman, chairman, Englishman-mentdev
12、elopment, movement, arrangement-nesshappiness, sadness, weakness-oractor, sailor, visitor, director-shipfriendship, leadership, ownership-urepleasure, failure, pressureworkhomework, housework, schoolwork1313May 21, 2022常见后缀2形容词后缀后缀后缀例词例词-ablevaluable, miserable, comfortable, loveable-alnational, ori
13、ginal, cultural, logical-anAmerican, African, Korean, Canadian-antimportant, pleasant, ignorant, tolerant-edexcited, interested, worried, bored-enwoolen, golden, wooden, earthen-entdifferent, dependent, existent, consistent-icrealistic, poetic, historic, economic1414May 21, 2022常见后缀2形容词后缀后缀后缀例词例词-fu
14、lpeaceful, careful, helpful, useful-ingexciting, convincing, interesting, amusing-ishIrish, selfish, foolish, childish-ivecreative, active, attractive, effective-lesscareless, homeless, endless, useless-lyfriendly, lovely, lively, early-ousnervous, dangerous, furious, famous-somelonesome, tiresome,
15、troublesome, handsome-yrainy, windy, dirty, cloudy1515May 21, 2022常见后缀3副词动词数词后缀后缀后缀例词例词副词后缀clearly, finally, usually, luckily动词后缀widen, sharpen, simplify, notify, memorize, apologize数词后缀twenty, fourteen, ninth1616May 21, 2022转化法1(CONVERSION)动词转化为名词动词转化为名词swim(游泳)swim(游泳)lie(说谎)lie(谎言)snow(下雪)snow(雪)
16、dream(做梦) dream(梦)water(浇水)water(水)love(爱)love(爱)plant(浇灌)plant(植物)push(推)push(推)kiss(亲吻)kiss(吻)walk(步行)walk(散步)1717May 21, 2022转化法2(CONVERSION)名词转化为动词名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词形容词转化为动词book(书)book(订)calm(镇静的)calm(平静)seat(座位)seat(就坐)slow(缓慢的)slow(减慢)hand(手)hand(递)warm(温暖的) warm(热)back(后背)back(支持)dirty(脏的)dirty(
17、弄脏)spy(间谍)spy(监视)lower(更低的) lower(降低)1818May 21, 202218其它构词法之截短法截前截前截后截后截前后截前后telephoneadvertisementrefrigeratoraeroplaneexaminationfridgehelicopterkilograminfluenzabicycleveterinarianlaboratorymathematics1919May 21, 2022其它构词法之缩写法首字母首字母缩写词缩写词首字母首字母缩拼词缩拼词TV电视NATO北约TB肺结核OPEC石油输出国组织VIP贵宾UFO不明飞行物WTO世界贸易组织UNESCO联合国教科文组织WHO世界卫生组织UN联合国2020May 21, 2022
